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. 2021 Oct 19;23(10):e26305. doi: 10.2196/26305

Table 2.

Names of all the features, code source used for collecting them, and a short descriptiona.

Feature Code source Short description
Pitch

MedianPitch b Little et al [36] Median principal frequency

MeanPitch Boersma and Weenink [33] Mean principal frequency

StdDevPitch Little et al [36] SD in principal frequency
Jitter

MeanJitter Little et al [36] Perturbation in principal frequency (mean variation)

MedianJitter Little et al [36] Perturbation in principal frequency (median variation)

LocalJitter Boersma and Weenink [33] Average absolute difference between consecutive periods, divided by the average period

LocalAbsoluteJitter Boersma and Weenink [33] Average absolute difference between consecutive periods measured in seconds

RapJitter Boersma and Weenink [33] Average absolute difference between a period and the average of it and its two neighbors

Ppq5Jitter Boersma and Weenink [33] 5-point period perturbation quotient

DdpJitter Boersma and Weenink [33] Difference of differences of periods of principal frequency
Shimmer

MeanShimmer Little et al [36] Amplitude perturbation (using mean)

MedianShimmer Little et al [36] Amplitude perturbation (using median)

LocalShimmer Boersma and Weenink [33] Average absolute difference between amplitudes of consecutive period

LocaldbShimmer Boersma and Weenink [33] Average absolute base-10 logarithm of the difference between amplitudes of consecutive period

Apq3Shimmer Boersma and Weenink [33] 3-point amplitude perturbation quotient

Apq5Shimmer Boersma and Weenink [33] 5-point amplitude perturbation quotient

Apq11Shimmer Boersma and Weenink [33] 11-point amplitude perturbation quotient

DdaShimmer Boersma and Weenink [33] Shimmer calculated by difference in differences of amplitude
MFCCc

MeanMFCC (0-12) Little et al [36] 13 features of mean MFCC

VariationMFCC (0-12) Little et al [36] 13 features of mean variation of MFCC

RelBandPower (0-3) Tsanas et al [39] 4 features capturing relative band power in 4 spectrum ranges
HNR d Boersma and Weenink [33] Signal-to-noise ratio
RPDE e Little et al [36] Pitch estimation uncertainty
DFA f Little et al [36] Measure of stochastic self-similarity in turbulent noise
PPE g Little et al [36] Measure of inability of maintaining constant pitch

aWe collected the features using the code or methodology described in the corresponding code-source entry.

bThe correlated features were removed, and features in italicized text were used to build the models. Feature names are preceded by the loosely defined umbrella category they belong to.

cMFCC: mel-frequency cepstral coefficient.

dHNR: harmonic-to-noise ratio.

eRPDE: recurrence period density entropy.

fDFA: detrended fluctuation analysis.

gPPE: pitch period entropy.