. 2021 Sep 17;100(12):101493. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101493

Table 5.

Blood chemistry as affected by different levels of fumaric acid.

Items¹	Fumaric acid level (g/kg diet)					SEM	P value
Items¹	0	5	10	15	20	SEM	P value
Liver and kidney functions
TP (g/dL)	2.83^b	3.10^a	2.74^b	3.17^a	2.77^b	0.061	0.0064
ALB (g/dL)	1.63	1.70	1.50	1.66	1.61	0.049	0.2103
G (g/dL)	1.20^c	1.40^b	1.24^c	1.51^a	1.16^c	0.020	<0.0001
AG (%)	1.35^a	1.21^b	1.21^b	1.10^c	1.39^a	0.028	0.0006
AST (IU/L)	203.53^a	201.65^a	161.65^c	150.55^c	182.00^b	5.028	0.0001
ALT (IU/L)	14.32	14.42	12.05	13.37	14.18	0.755	0.2501
Creatinine (mg/dL)	0.54	0.55	0.50	0.57	0.55	0.038	0.8002
Urea (mg/dL)	1.26^a	1.13^ab	0.84^bc	0.70^c	0.86^abc	0.086	0.0448
Lipid profile
TC (mg/dL)	214.79^a	212.73^a	191.80^b	197.12^b	206.25^a	2.612	0.0004
TG (mg/dL)	153.86	152.87	144.43	139.49	144.79	3.192	0.0576
HDL (mg/dL)	48.66^c	52.62^b	53.71^ab	56.98^a	51.92^bc	1.111	0.0071
LDL (mg/dL)	135.36^a	129.55^ab	109.20^c	112.24^c	125.38^b	2.715	0.0002
VLDL (mg/dL)	30.77	30.57	28.89	27.90	28.96	0.638	0.0576
Antioxidant parameters
GPX (ng/ml)	0.22^c	0.29^b	0.32^a	0.34^a	0.32^ab	0.010	<0.0001
TAC (ng/mL)	0.16^c	0.22^b	0.21^b	0.30^a	0.26^a	0.012	0.0003
SOD (U/mL)	0.14^b	0.15^b	0.23^a	0.27^a	0.24^a	0.016	0.0011
MDA (nmol/mL)	0.46^a	0.38^b	0.26^c	0.21^c	0.34^b	0.023	0.0002
Immunology
IgG (mg/dL)	0.82^c	0.90^bc	1.03^b	1.23^a	0.80^c	0.054	0.0026
IgM (mg/dL)	0.56^b	0.53^b	1.06^a	0.94^a	0.69^b	0.064	0.0007
Minerals
Ca (mg/dL)	8.78^b	8.61^b	8.07^b	10.22^a	8.02^b	0.242	0.0055
P (mg/dL)	5.10	5.37	4.72	4.41	4.99	0.200	0.1452

^abc

Means within the same row with different common superscripts differ significantly.

Abbreviations: Alb, albumin; AG, albumin/ globulin ratio; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; Ca, calcium; G, globulin; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; HDL, high density lipoprotein; IgG and M, immunoglobulin G and M; LDL, low density lipoprotein; MDA, malondialdehyde; P, phosphorus; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TC, total cholesterol; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TG, triglycerides; TP, total protein; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein.