TABLE 4.
Covariate-adjusted associations between the GDQS (scored using FFQ data) and diet quality outcomes among Ethiopian adults
| Outcome | Statistic | Sex | n | n, Cases | Per 1 SD | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ONA, # | EMM (95% CI) | M | 976 | — | 0.41 (0.32–0.50) | <0.0011 |
| F | 1604 | — | 0.32 (0.25–0.39) | <0.0011 | ||
| ONA <4 | OR (95% CI) | M | 976 | 309 | 0.61 (0.52–0.71) | <0.0011 |
| F | 1604 | 402 | 0.65 (0.57–0.73) | <0.0011 | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | EMM (95% CI) | M | 965 | — | −0.08 (−0.25 to 0.10) | 0.592 |
| F | 1596 | — | 0.35 (0.17–0.53) | 0.0012 | ||
| BMI <18.5 kg/m2 | OR (95% CI) | M | 965 | 354 | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.284 |
| F | 1596 | 435 | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.0433 | ||
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | OR (95% CI) | M | 965 | 67 | 1.00 (0.76–1.32) | 0.651 |
| F | 1596 | 209 | 1.19 (1.02–1.40) | 0.054 | ||
| MUAC, cm | EMM (95% CI) | M | 965 | — | −0.09 (−0.26 to 0.08) | 0.532 |
| F | 1596 | — | 0.31 (0.15–0.48) | 0.0032 | ||
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | M | 965 | 566 | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 0.120 |
| F | 1596 | 741 | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 0.0062 | ||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | EMM (95% CI) | M | 883 | — | 0.06 (−0.05 to 0.17) | 0.484 |
| F | 1485 | — | 0.08 (0.01–0.15) | 0.0343 | ||
| Anemia | OR (95% CI) | M | 883 | 80 | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 0.057 |
| F | 1485 | 254 | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.0273 | ||
| Ferritin, ng/mL | EMM (95% CI) | M | 869 | — | −2.97 (−8.22 to 2.27) | 0.290 |
| F | 782 | — | 0.30 (−3.33 to 3.93) | 0.648 | ||
| Low ferritin | OR (95% CI) | M | 869 | 75 | 1.34 (1.05–1.73) | 0.129 |
| F | 782 | 173 | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | 0.829 | ||
| Serum folate, ng/mL | EMM (95% CI) | M | 976 | — | 0.24 (0.05–0.42) | 0.0443 |
| F | 1604 | — | 0.48 (0.21–0.74) | <0.0011 | ||
| Folate deficiency | OR (95% CI) | M | 976 | 569 | 0.79 (0.68–0.91) | 0.0103 |
| F | 1604 | 510 | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | <0.0011 | ||
| Serum B12, pmol/L | EMM (95% CI) | M | 976 | — | 15.49 (2.28–28.69) | 0.0473 |
| F | 1604 | — | 1.79 (−12.58 to 16.15) | 0.478 | ||
| Serum B12 deficiency | OR (95% CI) | M | 976 | 394 | 0.91 (0.79–1.04) | 0.204 |
| F | 1604 | 355 | 1.08 (0.93–1.25) | 0.408 | ||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | EMM (95% CI) | M | 976 | — | 1.45 (0.52–2.37) | 0.0022 |
| F | 1604 | — | 1.46 (0.69–2.23) | 0.0012 | ||
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | EMM (95% CI) | M | 976 | — | 0.78 (0.16–1.41) | 0.0193 |
| F | 1604 | — | 0.53 (0.03–1.03) | 0.0443 | ||
| Hypertension | OR (95% CI) | M | 976 | 287 | 1.27 (1.10–1.46) | 0.0022 |
| F | 1604 | 484 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.317 |
Models are adjusted for age, urban/rural locality, education level, marital status, and occupation. ONA measures are energy-adjusted and continuous, showing the number of adequate nutrients out of 8. Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; EMM, estimated marginal mean; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; ONA, overall nutrient adequacy.
1
Statistical significance of linear trends across metric quintiles (P-trend): P < 0.001.
2
Statistical significance of linear trends across metric quintiles (P-trend): P < 0.01.
3
Statistical significance of linear trends across metric quintiles (P-trend): P < 0.05.