TABLE 5.
Covariate-adjusted associations between the GDQS (scored using 24HR data) and diet quality outcomes among Ethiopian women
| Outcome | Statistic | Sex | n | n, Cases | Per 1 SD | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ONA, % | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1593 | — | 0.57 (0.22–0.91) | 0.0011 |
| ONA <50% | OR (95% CI) | F | 1593 | 211 | 0.76 (0.65–0.88) | <0.0012 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1571 | — | 0.14 (−0.04 to 0.32) | 0.279 |
| BMI <18.5 kg/m2 | OR (95% CI) | F | 1571 | 436 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.734 |
| BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | OR (95% CI) | F | 1571 | 211 | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 0.213 |
| MUAC, cm | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1571 | — | 0.11 (−0.06 to 0.27) | 0.325 |
| Low MUAC | OR (95% CI) | F | 1571 | 727 | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) | 0.527 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1474 | — | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.11) | 0.243 |
| Anemia | OR (95% CI) | F | 1474 | 255 | 0.85 (0.74–0.98) | 0.0122 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | EMM (95% CI) | F | 762 | — | 0.40 (−3.19 to 3.99) | 0.599 |
| Low ferritin | OR (95% CI) | F | 762 | 167 | 0.98 (0.82–1.18) | 0.818 |
| Serum folate, ng/mL | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1593 | — | −0.01 (−0.29 to 0.27) | 0.489 |
| Folate deficiency | OR (95% CI) | F | 1593 | 494 | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) | 0.237 |
| Serum B12, pmol/L | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1593 | — | −2.76 (−16.68 to 11.16) | 0.467 |
| Serum B12 deficiency | OR (95% CI) | F | 1593 | 345 | 1.12 (0.97–1.30) | 0.105 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1593 | — | −0.28 (−1.06 to 0.49) | 0.134 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | EMM (95% CI) | F | 1593 | — | −0.28 (−0.80 to 0.23) | 0.054 |
| Hypertension | OR (95% CI) | F | 1593 | 472 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 0.466 |
Models are adjusted for age, urban/rural locality, education level, marital status, and occupation. ONA: energy-adjusted continuous measure of overall nutrient adequacy (mean probability of adequacy of 8 nutrients). Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; EMM, estimated marginal mean; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; ONA, overall nutrient adequacy; 24HR, 24-hour recall.
1
Statistical significance of linear trends across metric tertiles (P-trend): P < 0.01.
2
Statistical significance of linear trends across metric tertiles (P-trend): P < 0.05.