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. 2021 Oct 23;151(Suppl 2):130S–142S. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab264

TABLE 6.

Comparison of covariate-adjusted associations between the GDQS, MDD-W, and AHEI-2010 (scored using FFQ data) compared with selected outcomes among Ethiopian adults

Comparison Metric GDQS Comparison Metric
Outcome Statistic Sex n n, Cases Per 1 SD P-trend Per 1 SD P-trend P-diff
MDD-W BMI <18.5 kg/m2 OR (95% CI) M 965 354 1.09 (0.95–1.26) 0.284 0.94 (0.81–1.09) 0.240 0.133
F 1596 435 0.88 (0.78–0.99) 0.0431 0.86 (0.76–0.97) 0.0191 0.518
Low MUAC OR (95% CI) M 965 566 1.13 (0.98–1.30) 0.120 0.91 (0.79–1.05) 0.133 0.054
F 1596 741 0.84 (0.76–0.93) 0.0062 0.79 (0.71–0.88) <0.0013 0.281
Anemia OR (95% CI) M 883 80 0.81 (0.63–1.04) 0.057 0.74 (0.57–0.96) 0.0121 0.205
F 1485 254 0.84 (0.73–0.97) 0.0271 0.75 (0.64–0.88) 0.0022 0.283
Folate deficiency OR (95% CI) M 976 569 0.79 (0.68–0.91) 0.0101 0.84 (0.72–0.98) 0.0211 0.578
F 1604 510 0.76 (0.65–0.89) <0.0013 0.77 (0.66–0.90) 0.0012 0.748
Low ferritin OR (95% CI) M 869 75 1.34 (1.05–1.73) 0.129 1.35 (1.04–1.76) 0.0241 0.628
F 782 173 0.94 (0.79–1.13) 0.829 1.09 (0.90–1.32) 0.237 0.184
B12 deficiency OR (95% CI) M 976 394 0.91 (0.79–1.04) 0.204 0.96 (0.83–1.11) 0.428 0.402
F 1604 355 1.08 (0.93–1.25) 0.408 1.12 (0.96–1.31) 0.100 0.334
ONA, # EMM (95% CI) M 976 — 0.41 (0.32–0.50) <0.0013 0.59 (0.51–0.68) <0.0013 0.0351
F 1604 — 0.32 (0.25–0.39) <0.0013 0.57 (0.50–0.64) <0.0013 0.0042
BMI ≥25 kg/m2 OR (95% CI) M 965 67 1.00 (0.76–1.32) 0.651 1.11 (0.84–1.46) 0.469 0.439
F 1596 209 1.19 (1.02–1.40) 0.054 1.24 (1.06–1.46) 0.0331 0.408
Hypertension OR (95% CI) M 976 287 1.27 (1.10–1.46) 0.0022 1.19 (1.02–1.38) 0.0131 0.403
F 1604 484 1.08 (0.97–1.21) 0.317 1.12 (0.99–1.25) 0.0311 0.292
AHEI-2010 BMI <18.5 kg/m2 OR (95% CI) M 965 354 1.09 (0.95–1.26) 0.284 1.08 (0.94–1.25) 0.198 0.744
F 1596 435 0.88 (0.78–0.99) 0.0431 0.93 (0.83–1.04) 0.100 0.727
Low MUAC OR (95% CI) M 965 566 1.13 (0.98–1.30) 0.120 1.17 (1.02–1.35) 0.0092 0.528
F 1596 741 0.84 (0.76–0.93) 0.0062 0.87 (0.78–0.96) 0.0291 0.481
Anemia OR (95% CI) M 883 80 0.81 (0.63–1.04) 0.057 0.93 (0.74–1.18) 0.707 0.264
F 1485 254 0.84 (0.73–0.97) 0.0271 0.86 (0.75–0.98) 0.105 0.432
Folate deficiency OR (95% CI) M 976 569 0.79 (0.68–0.91) 0.0101 0.74 (0.64–0.86) <0.0013 0.353
F 1604 510 0.76 (0.65–0.89) <0.0013 0.89 (0.76–1.03) 0.107 0.229
Low ferritin OR (95% CI) M 869 75 1.34 (1.05–1.73) 0.129 1.16 (0.91–1.50) 0.304 0.227
F 782 173 0.94 (0.79–1.13) 0.829 0.88 (0.74–1.05) 0.357 0.388
B12 deficiency OR (95% CI) M 976 394 0.91 (0.79–1.04) 0.204 1.05 (0.92–1.21) 0.337 0.161
F 1604 355 1.08 (0.93–1.25) 0.408 1.12 (0.97–1.29) 0.199 0.400
ONA, # EMM (95% CI) M 976 — 0.41 (0.32–0.50) <0.0013 0.15 (0.06–0.24) 0.0062 0.0161
F 1604 — 0.32 (0.25–0.39) <0.0013 0.02 (−0.04 to 0.09) 0.618 0.0042
BMI ≥25 kg/m2 OR (95% CI) M 965 67 1.00 (0.76–1.32) 0.651 0.86 (0.65–1.13) 0.176 0.210
F 1596 209 1.19 (1.02–1.40) 0.054 1.07 (0.91–1.27) 0.427 0.593
Hypertension OR (95% CI) M 976 287 1.27 (1.10–1.46) 0.0022 1.16 (1.00–1.34) 0.134 0.353
F 1604 484 1.08 (0.97–1.21) 0.317 1.07 (0.96–1.20) 0.267 0.651

Excluded from this table: outcomes categorized as lower clinical relevance (the binary measure of energy-adjusted overall nutrient inadequacy and continuous anthropometric and biomarker outcomes); refer to Supplemental Table 7 for expanded results. Models are adjusted for age, urban/rural locality, education level, marital status, and occupation. ONA measures are energy-adjusted and continuous, showing the number of adequate nutrients out of 8. Abbreviations: AHEI-2010, Alternative Healthy Eating Index–2010; EMM, estimated marginal mean; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; MDD-W, Minimum Dietary Diversity–Women; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; ONA, overall nutrient adequacy.

1

Statistical significance of linear trends across metric quintiles (P-trend), and Wald tests comparing trends between the GDQS and other metrics (P-diff): P < 0.05.

2

Statistical significance of linear trends across metric quintiles (P-trend), and Wald tests comparing trends between the GDQS and other metrics (P-diff): P < 0.01.

3

Statistical significance of linear trends across metric quintiles (P-trend), and Wald tests comparing trends between the GDQS and other metrics (P-diff): P < 0.001.