TABLE 2.
Type of beverage intake at 24, 30, and 36 months and 7 years by timing of juice introduction among singletons and 1 randomly selected twin from each twin pair, the Upstate KIDS cohort1
| Age at juice introduction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | All | <6 months | 6 to <12 months | ≥12 months | P value2 | |
| Juice intake, mean ± SD | ||||||
| 24 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2170 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
| 30 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2152 | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | <0.0001 |
| 36 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2115 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
| 7 years, times per day | 1215 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, n (%) | ||||||
| 24 months, any soda intake | 2211 | 48 (2.2) | 13 (3.2) | 30 (2.7) | 5 (0.8) | 0.004 |
| 30 months, any soda intake | 2170 | 117 (5.4) | 63 (14.8) | 44 (4.0) | 10 (1.6) | <0.0001 |
| 36 months, any soda intake | 2115 | 104 (4.9) | 40 (10.1) | 53 (4.9) | 11 (1.7) | <0.0001 |
| 7 years, any soda intake | 1225 | 403 (32.9) | 89 (40.5) | 224 (34.7) | 90 (25.1) | <0.0001 |
| 7 years, nonsoda SSB intake | 1218 | 702 (57.6) | 135 (61.1) | 390 (60.7) | 177 (50.0) | 0.003 |
| 7 years, any SSB intake | 1216 | 794 (65.3) | 153 (69.5) | 441 (68.7) | 200 (56.5) | 0.0003 |
| Water intake, mean ± SD | ||||||
| 24 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2101 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.88 |
| 30 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2126 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 1.9 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.29 |
| 36 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2074 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.26 |
| 7 years, times per day | 1209 | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 3.0 ± 2.0 | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 2.0 | 0.01 |
| Milk intake, mean ± SD | ||||||
| 24 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2176 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 0.96 |
| 30 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2123 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.2 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.1 | 0.24 |
| 36 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2060 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.1 | 0.69 |
| 7 years, times per day | 1207 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | 0.33 |
| Total beverage intake, mean ± SD | ||||||
| 24 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2236 | 5.5 ± 2.2 | 6.0 ± 2.4 | 5.6 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 2.1 | <0.0001 |
| 30 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2187 | 5.7 ± 2.0 | 6.3 ± 2.4 | 5.7 ± 2.0 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | <0.0001 |
| 36 months, 8 oz cups (236.6 mL) | 2115 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 5.8 ± 2.2 | 5.5 ± 2.0 | 5.2 ± 1.8 | <0.0001 |
| 7 years, times per day | 1227 | 5.7 ± 2.6 | 5.9 ± 2.9 | 5.7 ± 2.7 | 5.6 ± 2.4 | 0.33 |
SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage.
The percentage of children with juice introduced at <6, 6 to <12, and ≥12 months was 18.69, 50.74, and 30.58 at 24 months, respectively; 19.57, 50.71, and 29.72 at 30 months, respectively; 18.68, 50.50, and 30.83 at 36 months, respectively; and 17.95, 52.74, and 29.32 at 7 years, respectively.
Wald chi-squared test for beverage intake from a Poisson or logistic regression model where the amount of beverage intake (cups or times per day; juice, water, milk, total beverage intake) or any SSB intake were the outcomes, respectively, and a 3-category variable for age at juice introduction was introduced in the model as a continuous predictor.