TABLE 3.
Associations of timing of juice introduction with beverage intake at 24, 30, and 36 months and 7 years among singletons and 1 randomly selected twin from each twin pair, the Upstate KIDS cohort
| Age at juice introduction | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | <6 months | 6 to <12 months | ≥12 months | P value1 | |
| Juice intake, RR (95% CI)2 | 3233 | ||||
| Unadjusted | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | 1.9 (1.7–2.1) | Reference | <0.0001 | |
| Model 1 | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 1.7 (1.5–1.8) | Reference | <0.0001 | |
| Model 2 | 1.5 (1.3–1.7) | 1.6 (1.4–1.7) | Reference | <0.0001 | |
| Soda intake, OR (95% CI)3 | 3234 | ||||
| Unadjusted | 17.2 (7.2–41.0) | 3.0 (1.6–5.5) | Reference | <0.0001 | |
| Model 1 | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | Reference | 0.02 | |
| Model 2 | 1.6 (1.0–2.4) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | Reference | 0.01 | |
| Water intake, RR (95% CI)2 | 3199 | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | Reference | 0.09 | |
| Model 1 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | Reference | 0.005 | |
| Model 2 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | Reference | <0.0001 | |
| Milk intake, RR (95% CI)2 | 3213 | ||||
| Unadjusted | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | Reference | 0.60 | |
| Model 1 | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | Reference | 0.52 | |
| Model 2 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | Reference | 0.04 | |
WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
Model 1 is adjusted for maternal age, BMI, race/ethnicity, education, smoking during pregnancy, WIC participation, gestational hypertension, type of residence, and household income, as well as child's age in years, age at solid food introduction (midpoint), and any breastfeeding at 4 months. Model 2 is additionally adjusted for total beverage intake at the corresponding time point. The P value is from a model where the categorical variable of age at juice introduction was entered as a continuous covariate. Twenty imputed data sets were used; imputed covariates included maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (n = 11), smoking during pregnancy (n = 2), WIC participation (n = 69), type of residence (n = 191), household income (n = 2079), child breastfeeding (n = 981), and timing of solid food introduction (n = 343).
Values are RRs from a Poisson regression model where the amount of beverage consumed daily was the outcome.
Values are ORs from a logistic regression model where the any consumption of soda at 24, 30, and 36 months and 7 years was the dichotomous outcome.