TABLE 2.
Participant characteristics at the time of dietary assessment1
| All participants (n = 9801) | Recall participants (n = 1910) | FFQ participants (n = 7891) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or n | SD or % | Mean or n | SD or % | Mean or n | SD or % | |
| Maternal age, y | 30.2 | (5.9) | 28.2 | (6.0) | 30.6 | (5.7) |
| 14–18 y | 182 | (2%) | 93 | (5%) | 89 | (1%) |
| 19–30 y | 4728 | (48%) | 1050 | (55%) | 3678 | (47%) |
| 31–50 y | 4786 | (49%) | 715 | (37%) | 4071 | (52%) |
| Missing | 105 | (1%) | 52 | (3%) | 53 | (1%) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Hispanic, any race | 1830 | (19%) | 516 | (27%) | 1314 | (17%) |
| Non-Hispanic White | 5442 | (56%) | 930 | (49%) | 4512 | (57%) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1543 | (16%) | 290 | (15%) | 1253 | (16%) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 718 | (7%) | 149 | (8%) | 569 | (7%) |
| Missing | 268 | (3%) | 25 | (1%) | 243 | (3%) |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| <High school degree | 759 | (8%) | 263 | (14%) | 496 | (6%) |
| High school diploma or GED | 1794 | (18%) | 400 | (21%) | 1394 | (18%) |
| Some college or 2-y degree | 2197 | (22%) | 417 | (22%) | 1780 | (23%) |
| 4-y degree or more | 4969 | (51%) | 793 | (42%) | 4176 | (53%) |
| Missing | 82 | (1%) | 37 | (2%) | 45 | (1%) |
| Maternal prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 | (6.4) | 26.2 | (6.5) | 26.3 | (6.4) |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 342 | (3%) | 98 | (5%) | 244 | (3%) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 4777 | (49%) | 924 | (48%) | 3,853 | (49%) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 2367 | (24%) | 460 | (24%) | 1907 | (24%) |
| Obese (≥30) | 2212 | (23%) | 428 | (22%) | 1784 | (23%) |
| Missing | 103 | (1%) | 0 | (0%) | 103 | (1%) |
| Pregestational diabetes | 114 | (1%) | 8 | (0%) | 106 | (1%) |
| Gestational diabetes | 614 | (6%) | 77 | (4%) | 537 | (7%) |
| Pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension | 879 | (9%) | 147 | (8%) | 732 | (9%) |
| Prenatal smoking | 727 | (7%) | 151 | (8%) | 576 | (7%) |
1
Values are means (SDs) or n (%). For participants who reported prenatal dietary intake data retrospectively at 2–5 y after delivery (n = 508 FFQ participants), age and prepregnancy BMI in early pregnancy were obtained from medical records and education at the time of pregnancy was recalled retrospectively at 2–5 y after delivery. FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; GED, graduate equivalency degree.