TABLE 4.
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | P | |
24-Hour dietary recalls, n and % at risk | |||||||||||
Age disparities | Overall | 14–18 y | 19–30 y | 31–50 y | |||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Calcium (mg/d) | 1427 | 5% | 93 | 29% | 791 | 6% | 500 | 3% | — | — | <0.0012 |
Copper (μg/d) | 1427 | 6% | 93 | 17% | 791 | 6% | 500 | 3% | — | — | <0.0012 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 1427 | 39% | 93 | 91% | 791 | 47% | 500 | 27% | — | — | <0.0012 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1427 | 0% | 93 | 24% | 791 | 0% | 500 | 0% | — | — | <0.0012 |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 1427 | 63% | 93 | 40% | 791 | 51% | 500 | 81% | — | — | <0.0012 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 1426 | 37% | 93 | 36% | 790 | 32% | 500 | 46% | — | — | <0.0012 |
Racial/ethnic disparities | Overall | Hispanic | NH White | NH Black | Other | ||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 1427 | 17% | 350 | 26% | 731 | 14% | 209 | 12% | 137 | 29% | <0.0012 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1427 | 5% | 350 | 11% | 731 | 2% | 209 | 7% | 137 | 7% | <0.0012 |
Copper (μg/d) | 1427 | 6% | 350 | 12% | 731 | 3% | 209 | 5% | 137 | 9% | <0.0012 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 1427 | 39% | 350 | 53% | 731 | 27% | 209 | 65% | 137 | 56% | <0.0012 |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 1427 | 63% | 350 | 41% | 731 | 74% | 209 | 50% | 137 | 54% | <0.0012 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 1426 | 37% | 350 | 32% | 731 | 42% | 208 | 29% | 137 | 30% | <0.0012 |
Educational disparities | Overall | <HS | HS or GED | Some college | ≥4-y degree | ||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 1427 | 17% | 220 | 26% | 267 | 18% | 337 | 19% | 602 | 13% | <0.0012 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 1427 | 5% | 220 | 12% | 267 | 1% | 337 | 9% | 602 | 2% | <0.0012 |
Copper (μg/d) | 1427 | 6% | 220 | 13% | 267 | 6% | 337 | 7% | 602 | 2% | <0.0012 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 1427 | 39% | 220 | 67% | 267 | 55% | 337 | 53% | 602 | 24% | <0.0012 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1427 | 0% | 220 | 0% | 267 | 0% | 337 | 0% | 602 | 0% | — |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 1427 | 63% | 220 | 26% | 267 | 38% | 337 | 47% | 602 | 83% | <0.0012 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 1426 | 37% | 220 | 25% | 266 | 24% | 337 | 34% | 602 | 46% | <0.0012 |
BMI disparities | Overall | Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | ||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Magnesium (mg/d) | 1427 | 39% | 51 | 32% | 731 | 34% | 351 | 47% | 294 | 57% | <0.0012 |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 1427 | 63% | 51 | 54% | 731 | 71% | 351 | 57% | 294 | 43% | <0.0012 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 1426 | 37% | 51 | 53% | 730 | 40% | 351 | 35% | 294 | 27% | <0.0012 |
Food-frequency questionnaires | |||||||||||
Age disparities | Overall | 14–18 y | 19–30 y | 31–50 y | |||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Calcium (mg/d) | 5606 | 22% | 87 | 37% | 2403 | 23% | 3065 | 22% | — | — | 0.05 |
Copper (μg/d) | 4731 | 20% | 85 | 21% | 2134 | 21% | 2461 | 18% | — | — | 0.49 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 4731 | 41% | 85 | 57% | 2134 | 42% | 2461 | 41% | — | — | 0.04 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1872 | 1% | 14 | 44% | 443 | 2% | 1415 | 1% | — | — | <0.0012 |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 2532 | 75% | 18 | 62% | 710 | 69% | 1804 | 79% | — | — | <0.0012 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 2532 | 53% | 18 | 59% | 710 | 50% | 1804 | 54% | — | — | 0.16 |
Racial/ethnic disparities | Overall | Hispanic | NH White | NH Black | Other | ||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 5609 | 22% | 895 | 29% | 2991 | 18% | 1194 | 25% | 363 | 22% | <0.0012 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 5606 | 22% | 895 | 22% | 2990 | 19% | 1193 | 26% | 362 | 25% | <0.001 |
Copper (μg/d) | 4731 | 20% | 717 | 23% | 2479 | 18% | 1143 | 21% | 226 | 18% | 0.07 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 4731 | 41% | 717 | 43% | 2479 | 36% | 1143 | 45% | 226 | 41% | <0.001 |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 2532 | 75% | 446 | 64% | 1546 | 78% | 289 | 77% | 183 | 81% | 0.03 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 2532 | 53% | 446 | 56% | 1546 | 53% | 289 | 46% | 183 | 48% | 0.03 |
Educational disparities | Overall | <HS | HS or GED | Some college | ≥4-y degree | ||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 5609 | 22% | 462 | 29% | 1164 | 25% | 1172 | 24% | 2779 | 18% | <0.0012 |
Calcium (mg/d) | 5606 | 22% | 462 | 22% | 1164 | 23% | 1170 | 23% | 2778 | 22% | 0.61 |
Copper (μg/d) | 4731 | 20% | 426 | 22% | 1079 | 21% | 874 | 21% | 2322 | 18% | 0.14 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | 4731 | 41% | 426 | 41% | 1079 | 41% | 874 | 43% | 2322 | 40% | 0.56 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1872 | 1% | 41 | 27% | 146 | 6% | 406 | 2% | 1271 | 1% | <0.0012 |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 2532 | 75% | 114 | 62% | 260 | 62% | 514 | 72% | 1621 | 80% | <0.0012 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 2532 | 53% | 114 | 58% | 260 | 50% | 514 | 51% | 1621 | 53% | 0.77 |
BMI disparities | Overall | Underweight | Normal weight | Overweight | Obese | ||||||
% below EAR | |||||||||||
Magnesium (mg/d) | 4731 | 41% | 174 | 35% | 2406 | 39% | 1082 | 44% | 1037 | 43% | 0.62 |
% above AI | |||||||||||
Vitamin K (μg/d) | 2532 | 75% | 88 | 76% | 1465 | 78% | 573 | 71% | 399 | 71% | 0.41 |
Potassium (mg/d) | 2532 | 53% | 88 | 51% | 1465 | 54% | 573 | 50% | 399 | 52% | 0.74 |
AI, Adequate Intake; EAR, Estimated Average Requirement; ECHO, Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes; GED, general education degree; HS, high school diploma; NH, non-Hispanic.
Statistical significance defined by Bonferroni-corrected ɑ level of 0.05/19 micronutrients = 0.0026 for inadequate intake. Among statistically significant results, we consider a result relevant to public health when the proportion at risk differs by ≥10%.