TABLE 3.
Associations of food items with liver fat in the Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study1
| Variable | Median (range) | Participants, n | Percentage liver fat, geometric mean (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total red meat, g/d | Q1: 12 (0–20) | 420 | 3.78 (3.55, 4.02) |
| Q2: 27 (20–35) | 421 | 4.22 (3.98, 4.47) | |
| Q3: 44 (35–58) | 421 | 4.43 (4.18, 4.69) | |
| Q4: 84 (59–408) | 420 | 5.13 (4.80, 5.49) | |
| P-trend | 2.38E-09* | ||
| Red meat excluding processed meat, g/d | Q1: 7 (0–12) | 420 | 3.93 (3.70, 4.19) |
| Q2: 16 (12–21) | 421 | 4.24 (4.00, 4.49) | |
| Q3: 28 (21–38) | 421 | 4.39 (4.14, 4.65) | |
| Q4: 53 (38–198) | 420 | 4.97 (4.65, 5.30) | |
| P-trend | 2.71E-06* | ||
| All fruits plus juice, g/d | Q1: 68 (0–117) | 420 | 4.63 (4.36, 4.93) |
| Q2: 167 (117–222) | 421 | 4.43 (4.18, 4.70) | |
| Q3: 287 (222–376) | 421 | 4.38 (4.13, 4.64) | |
| Q4: 535 (377–2507) | 420 | 4.03 (3.78, 4.29) | |
| P-trend | 0.0032 | ||
| Total vegetables, g/d | Q1: 147 (28–204) | 420 | 4.52 (4.24, 4.82) |
| Q2: 258 (204–310) | 421 | 4.34 (4.09, 4.60) | |
| Q3: 373 (310–464) | 421 | 4.46 (4.21, 4.73) | |
| Q4: 626 (464–2936) | 420 | 4.14 (3.88, 4.43) | |
| P-trend | 0.12 | ||
| Nuts excluding coconut, g/d | Q1: 0.2 (0.0–0.4) | 420 | 4.16 (3.91, 4.41) |
| Q2: 0.9 (0.4–1.6) | 421 | 4.45 (4.19, 4.71) | |
| Q3: 2.8 (1.6–4.3) | 421 | 4.35 (4.10, 4.61) | |
| Q4: 7.3 (4.3–80.2) | 420 | 4.51 (4.24, 4.80) | |
| P-trend | 0.20 | ||
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, g/d | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 439 | 4.36 (4.12, 4.62) |
| Q2: 4 (0–7) | 419 | 4.45 (4.19, 4.71) | |
| Q3: 16 (7–32) | 424 | 4.39 (4.14, 4.65) | |
| Q4: 68 (32–467) | 400 | 4.26 (4.01, 4.52) | |
| P-trend | 0.38 | ||
| Diet soda, g/d | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 1145 | 4.24 (4.09, 4.39) |
| Q2: 12 (6–12) | 112 | 4.81 (4.30, 5.38) | |
| Q3: 128 (15–2160) | 425 | 4.60 (4.34, 4.89) | |
| P-trend | 0.034 | ||
| Total tea, g | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 426 | 4.10 (3.87, 4.34) |
| Q2: 84 (7.8–205) | 358 | 4.65 (4.37, 4.96) | |
| Q3: 237 (237–240) | 478 | 4.57 (4.32, 4.82) | |
| Q4: 591 (244–1547) | 420 | 4.18 (3.94, 4.44) | |
| P-trend | 0.54 | ||
| Black tea, g/d | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 520 | 4.14 (3.93, 4.36) |
| Q2: 84 (7.8–205) | 325 | 4.64 (4.34, 4.95) | |
| Q3: 237 (237–237) | 524 | 4.59 (4.35, 4.83) | |
| Q4: 591 (296–947) | 313 | 4.12 (3.85, 4.41) | |
| P-trend | 0.56 | ||
| Green tea, g/d | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 1351 | 4.40 (4.26, 4.55) |
| Q2: 85.3 (7.9–961) | 331 | 4.22 (3.95, 4.51) | |
| P-trend | NA** | ||
| Total coffee, g/d | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 538 | 4.03 (3.82, 4.24) |
| Q2: 7.6 (3.5–16.4) | 266 | 4.30 (3.99, 4.62) | |
| Q3: 30.4 (17.7–76.3) | 474 | 4.50 (4.26, 4.75) | |
| Q4: 230 (76.9–2160) | 404 | 4.74 (4.46, 5.03) | |
| P-trend | 0.00081* | ||
| Regular coffee, g/d | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 655 | 4.05 (3.87, 4.25) |
| Q2: 7.1 (3.5–8.8) | 184 | 4.35 (3.99, 4.75) | |
| Q3: 29.5 (9.5–50.9) | 436 | 4.68 (4.42, 4.95) | |
| Q4: 153 (58.0–2160) | 407 | 4.56 (4.30, 4.85) | |
| P-trend | 0.024 | ||
| Decaffeinated coffee, g/d | Q1: 0 (0–0) | 1363 | 4.36 (4.22, 4.50) |
| Q2: 18.9 (7.6–575) | 319 | 4.37 (4.09, 4.68) | |
| P-trend | NA** |
The P-trend to assess a dose–response relation was obtained in a general linear model of liver fat on each dietary variable with 4 values, i.e., medians for the quartiles, and other covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity, percentage body fat, and total energy intake for nonenergy diet variables). NA, not applicable; Q, quartile.
*Dietary factor met the threshold for significance using Bonferroni correction (P-trend < 0.00135).
**P-trends were not calculated because there are only 2 categories of intake. There was no significant difference in multivariable-adjusted liver fat means across categories of green tea (P = 0.26) or decaffeinated coffee (P = 0.93) intake.