TABLE 4.
Quintile or tertile analyses of Global Diet Quality Scores against continuous values of nutritional status and noncommunicable disease indicators1
| Outcome | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes category | Groups | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | P value, linear trend2 |
| GDQS | n | 831 | 608 | 570 | 543 | — | |
| Anthropometry | BMI, kg/m2 | 20.5 (20.3–20.8) | 21.0 (20.7–21.3) | 21.2 (20.9–21.5) | 21.6 (21.3–22.0) | 22.4 (22.1–22.8) | <0.001 |
| Midupper arm circumference, cm | 24.1 (23.9–24.3) | 24.5 (24.2–24.7) | 24.8 (24.6–25.1) | 25.0 (24.7–25.3) | 25.5 (25.2–25.8) | <0.001 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 68.1 (67.4–68.7) | 69.6 (68.8–70.4) | 70.2 (69.4–71.0) | 71.2 (70.3–72.1) | 73.2 (72.4–74.0) | <0.001 | |
| Nutrient/nutrient biomarker | Nutrient adequacy score (0–8)3 | 3.63 (3.56–3.69) | 4.09 (4.02–4.16) | 4.38 (4.31–4.46) | 4.54 (4.46–4.62) | 4.28 (4.20–4.35) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.9 (11.8–12.0) | 12.0 (11.9–12.1) | 12.0 (11.8–12.1) | 11.9 (11.8– 12.1) | 12.0 (11.9–12.2) | 0.613 | |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 91.4 (90.1–92.8) | 92.5 (90.9–94.1) | 91.2 (89.6–92.9) | 91.1 (89.2–92.9) | 93.4 (91.7–95.1) | 0.337 | |
| BP | Systolic BP, mmHg | 115 (114–116) | 115 (114–116) | 115 (114–116) | 115 (114–116) | 115 (114–116) | 0.924 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 75.0 (74.3–75.7) | 75.5 (74.6–76.3) | 75.8 (74.9–76.6) | 75.7 (74.8–76.6) | 75.2 (74.3–76.1) | 0.663 | |
| Lipid | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 156 (153–159) | 157 (153–160) | 158 (155–162) | 161 (157–165) | 165 (162–169) | 0.000 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 45.0 (44.2–45.8) | 44.1 (43.2–45.0) | 44.3 (43.4–45.3) | 42.9 (41.9–43.9) | 42.8 (41.8–43.7) | <0.001 | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 109 (105–113) | 107 (102–112) | 107 (102–112) | 113 (108–119) | 107 (101–112) | 0.804 | |
| Groups | G1 | G2 | G3 | G4 | G5 | ||
| GDQS+ | n | 708 | 558 | 591 | 598 | 576 | |
| Anthropometry | BMI, kg/m2 | 20.5 (20.2–20.8) | 20.8 (20.5–21.2) | 21.0 (20.7–21.4) | 21.7(21.4–22.0) | 22.5 (22.2–22.8) | <0.001 |
| Midupper arm circumference, cm | 24.0 (23.8–24.3) | 24.3 (24.0–24.6) | 24.6 (24.3–24.9) | 25.0 (24.8–25.3) | 25.6 (25.4–25.9) | <0.001 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 68.1 (67.3–68.8) | 68.8 (67.9–69.6) | 69.8 (69.0–70.6) | 71.2 (70.4–71.9) | 73.6 (72.8–74.4) | <0.001 | |
| Nutrient/nutrient biomarker | Nutrient adequacy score (0–8)3 | 3.49 (3.43–3.56) | 4.05 (3.97–4.12) | 4.37 (4.30–4.44) | 4.55 (4.48–4.62) | 4.27 (4.20–4.34) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.9 (11.8–12.0) | 12.0 (11.9–12.2) | 12.0 (11.9–12.1) | 12.0 (11.8–12.1) | 11.9 (11.8–12.1) | 0.88 | |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 91.5 (90.0–93.0) | 92.4 (90.8–94.1) | 91.3 (89.6–92.9) | 91.5 (89.9–93.2) | 92.9 (91.2–94.5) | 0.48 | |
| BP | Systolic BP, mmHg | 115 (114–116) | 115 (114–116) | 115 (114–116) | 116 (115–117) | 115 (114–116) | 0.68 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 75.1 (74.3–75.9) | 75.2 (74.4–76.1) | 75.4 (74.6–76.2) | 75.9 (75.1–76.7) | 73.3 (74.5–76.2) | 0.38 | |
| Lipid | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 154 (150–157) | 156 (152–159) | 158 (154–161) | 162 (159–165) | 167 (163–170) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 44.9 (44.1–45.8) | 44.5 (43.6–45.5) | 44.1 (43.1–45.0) | 43.6 (42.7–44.5) | 42.5 (41.6–43.5) | <0.001 | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 110 (105–114) | 107 (102–112) | 108 (103–113) | 112 (107–117) | 106 (101–111) | 0.821 | |
| Groups | G1 | G2 | G3 | — | — | ||
| GDQS−4 | n | 1540 | 999 | 490 | — | — | |
| Anthropometry | BMI, kg/m2 | 21.6 (21.4–21.8) | 21.0 (20.8–21.3) | 20.7 (20.4–21.1) | — | — | 0.373 |
| Midupper arm circumference, cm | 25.0 (24.8–25.1) | 24.4 (24.2–24.7) | 24.3 (24.0–24.6) | — | — | 0.031 | |
| Waist circumference, cm | 70.9 (70.4–71.4) | 69.3 (68.7–69.9) | 69.7 (68.8–70.6) | — | — | 0.033 | |
| Nutrient/nutrient biomarker | Nutrient adequacy score (0–8)3 | 4.23 (4.18–4.28) | 4.04 (3.98–4.10) | 3.96 (3.88–4.04) | — | — | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.9 (11.8–12.0) | 12.1 (12.0–12.2) | 11.9 (11.7–12.1) | — | — | 0.689 | |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 91.4 (90.4–92.4) | 92.4 (91.2–93.7) | 92.5 (90.7–94.3) | — | — | 0.168 | |
| BP | Systolic BP, mmHg | 115 (115–116) | 115 (114–116) | 115 (113–116) | — | — | 0.818 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 75.6 (75.0–76.1) | 75.4 (74.7–76.0) | 74.9 (74.0–75.8) | — | — | 0.780 | |
| Lipid | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 162 (160–164) | 157 (155–160) | 153 (149–157) | — | — | 0.818 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 43.7 (43.2–44.3) | 44.1 (43.4–44.8) | 44.4 (43.4–45.3) | — | — | 0.361 | |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 108 (104–111) | 110 (106–114) | 108 (102–113) | — | — | 0.784 | |
All models are adjusted for age. Values are estimated marginal means (95% CIs). Groups 1–5 were quintile or tertile groups. BP, blood pressure; G, group; GDQS, Global Diet Quality Score; GDQS−, Global Diet Quality Score negative submetric; GDQS+, Global Diet Quality Score positive submetric.
The t-test for linear trend (Pr(>|t|)) tested whether a coefficient of a linear trend for the ordered factor is different than 0.
The nutrient adequacy score is a sum of binary adequacy for 8 component nutrients (i.e., protein, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12, fiber, and iron) in terms of daily consumption for the appropriate age group based upon National Institutes of Health's dietary reference intakes (i.e., <19 years old or 19–49 years old).
GDQS− analyses are reported as tertiles due to a limited spread of the data.