Fig. 1.

Graphical representation of the six exposure treatments, corresponding to two possible scenarios of parasite succession. On the left, the haemolymph parasite Metschnikowia bicuspidata arrives ‘early’ and the gut parasite Ordospora colligata arrives ‘late’. On the right, the gut parasite O. colligata arrives ‘early’ and the haemolymph parasite M. bicuspidata arrives ‘late’. Single-exposure treatments within each scenario follow the same timing of infection as the co-exposure treatment, to allow proper comparison of parasite and host fitness parameters across single and co-exposure settings. The control treatment received the same placebo inoculate (obtained from crushed uninfected Daphnia) as single-exposure treatments, albeit on both inoculation days.