Table 2:
Association of baseline lifestyle and psychosocial risk factors with maintaining normal blood pressure.
| Maintained normal blood pressure Risk ratios (95% confidence intervals) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variables at baseline | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Lifestyle factors | |||
| Body mass index | |||
| Obese | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Overweight | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | 1.15 (0.91–1.47) |
| Normal | 1.35 (1.06–1.72) | 1.36 (1.07–1.73) | 1.39 (1.09–1.76) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Poor | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Intermediate | 1.12 (0.88–1.41) | 1.10 (0.88–1.39) | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) |
| Ideal | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) | 1.25 (0.97–1.60) |
| Diet | |||
| Poor diet | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Healthy diet | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 0.97 (0.78–1.20) | 0.94 (0.76–1.17) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| Any | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| None | 1.05 (0.86–1.29) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 1.02 (0.82–1.27) |
| Smoking | |||
| Ever | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Never | 1.51 (1.03–2.22) | 1.51 (1.02–2.24) | 1.48 (0.99–2.20) |
| Psychosocial factors | |||
| Weekly stress | |||
| High | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate | 1.21 (0.85–1.73) | 1.28 (0.95–1.73) | 1.29 (0.95–1.75) |
| Low | 1.16 (0.74–1.81) | 1.21 (0.87–1.69) | 1.21 (0.84–1.73) |
| Anger in | |||
| High | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate | 1.18 (0.89–1.55) | 1.21 (0.85–1.71) | 1.18 (0.82–1.71) |
| Low | 1.10 (0.81–1.49) | 1.12 (0.81–1.56) | 1.06 (0.71–1.58) |
| Anger out | |||
| High | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate | 1.16 (0.87–1.55) | 1.12 (0.80–1.56) | 1.09 (0.77–1.54) |
| Low | 1.27 (0.97–1.67) | 1.18 (0.81–1.72) | 1.16 (0.77–1.75) |
| Daily discrimination | |||
| High | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | 1.13 (0.89–1.42) | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) |
| Low | 1.02 (0.79–1.31) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 0.94 (0.71–1.24) |
| Social support | |||
| Low | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Moderate | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 1.05 (0.82–1.36) | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) |
| High | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | 0.91 (0.70–1.20) | 0.90 (0.66–1.22) |
| Depression | |||
| High | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) | 1 (ref) |
| Low | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 1.01 (0.72–1.41) | 0.88 (0.60–1.29) |
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and income less than $25,000 at visit 1.
Model 2 adjusted for variables in model 1 and body mass index, physical activity, diet and alcohol consumption at visit 1.
Model 3 adjusted for variables in model 2 and weekly stress, anger in, anger out, daily discrimination, social support, and depression at visit 1.