TABLE 1.

Description of clinical features of functional tics within this series

Case	Age of onset	Sex	Phenomenology of tics	Vocalizations	Suppressibility	Presence of premonitory urge	Presence of “tic attacks”	Unusual triggers	Other concurrent somatic manifestations	Pharmacological treatment and outcome*
1	16 yr	F	Dystonic (face); clonic (face, extremities); stereotypic (hands); complex motor with concomitant vocalization	Palilalia, short phrases, vowel sounds, sniffing, single words	No	No	Yes	Talking to other people	Dissociative symptoms of feeling like body parts were not her own, dyspnea, stuttering, transient confusion	Guanfacine 0.5 mg at bedtime; all symptoms resolved after 4 doses, discontinued without recurrence of symptoms
2	14 yr	F	Dystonic (face, neck); clonic (extremities); stereotypic (hands); complex motor with concomitant vocalization	Whistling, coprolalia, short phrases, clicking, purring	No	No	Yes	Flashing lights, hearing whistling	Functional tremor	N/A
3	13 yr	F	Dystonic (face); clonic (face, neck, extremities); stereotypic (hands); complex motor with concomitant vocalization	Short phrases, clicking, single words, squeaking	Yes**	Yes	Yes	Flashing lights, loud noises, the word “sound”, dampness of her hair, 7 pm every night	None	Fluphenazine 0.5 mg every morning and 1 mg at bedtime, led to daytime somnolence, felt as though movements were easier to suppress. Diazepam 2 mg as needed, allowed for movements to be suppressed, discontinued
4	14 yr	F	Dystonic (neck); clonic (extremities); stereotypic (hands)	Single words, blowing raspberries, squeaking	No	Yes	Yes	Presence of other people	Functional stereotypy, functional tremor	Pimozide 2 mg daily; no improvement, led to daytime somnolence, discontinued
5	14 yr	F	Dystonic (extremities) Clonic (face, extremities) Stereotypic (hands)	Short phrases, coprolalia, whistling	No	No	Yes	None	Functional tremor	N/A
6	14 yr	F	Dystonic (face, neck, extremities); clonic (face, neck, extremities); stereotypic (hands); complex motor with concomitant vocalization	Grunting, vowel sounds, clicking, short phrases, whistling	No	No	Yes	Loud noises, loud footsteps, hearing whistling sounds, extremes of temperature	None	Clonidine 0.1 mg twice daily; no improvement led to daytime somnolence, discontinued

Abbreviations: F, Female.

^*Pharmacological treatments were administered by providers before our evaluation.

^**Movements and sounds were suppressible following initiation of pharmacologic treatment.