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. 2021 Nov 3;18:158. doi: 10.1186/s12984-021-00947-8

Table 3.

Resting motor threshold of the affected and the non-affected hemisphere (means) and laterality quotients (means) of studies included in the review

Targeted muscle, stimulator type, coil type Interventions/groups Baseline 1. Follow up 2. Follow up 1. Follow up—baseline changes 2. Follow up—baseline changes Healthy controls References
NA A LQ NA A LQ NA A LQ NA A LQ NA A LQ D ND LQ
FDI, MS-200, RC Na 95 Nascimbeni et al. [60]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 55 68 −11 50 56 −6 −5 −12 5 48 48 0 Delvaux et al. [61]
FDM, NS-eX, na Na 38 55 −18 Freundlieb et al. [62]
TM, MS-200, RC Na 57 79 −16 Trompetto et al. [37]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 56 68 −10 55 54 1 Di Lazzaro et al. [63]
APB, MP-X100, F8C Na 47 68 −18 Du et al. [27]
ECR, MS-200, F8C (1) Anodal tDCS 70 66 65 −4 −5 Sattler et al. [30]
(2) Sham tDCS 62 57 56 −5 −6
APB, MP-X100, F8C Na 73 Du et al. [64]
APB, MS-BS, RC Na 58 66 −6 62 Huynh et al. [28]
APB, MS-200, F8C Na 67 Volz et al. [65]
APB, ML-200, F8C (1) CT 70 68 –2 El Helow et al. [66]
(2) CIMT 70 61 −9
APB, MP-X100, F8C (1) Sham rTMS 62 74 −9 68 66 1 72 67 4 6 −8 10 10 −7 12 Blesneag et al. [67]
(2) 1 Hz rTMS 53 63 −9 79 66 9 70 68 1 26 3 18 17 5 10
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 51 93 −29 50 85 −26 48 76 −23 −1 −8 3 −3 −17 7 Birchenall et al. [68]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C Na 42 64 −21 43 57 −14 45 57 −12 1 −7 7 3 −7 9 Swayne et al. [34]
FDI, MS-200, F8C (1) Anodal tDCS 37 60 −24 37 48 −13 0 −12 11 Khedr et al. [69]
(2) Cathodal tDCS 34 60 −28 33 51 −21 −1 −9 6
(3) Sham tDCS 35 63 −29 34 59 −27 −1 −4 2
FDI, MS-BS, F8C Na 59 51 51 0 Bütefisch et al.[70]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 44 95 −37 39 93 −41 37 93 −43 −5 −2 −4 −7 −2 −6 42 Prashanta et al. [71]
FDI, MS-R, F8C Na 79 Lee et al. [72]
FDI, MS-200, F8C (1) VRT 60 91 −21 59 90 −21 62 90 −18 −1 −1 0 2 −1 2 Yarossi et al. [73]
APB, MP-X100, F8C (1) 1 Hz rTMS + AO 70 71 1 Noh et al. [74]
(2) 1 Hz rTMS 67 73 6
FDI, MS-BS, F8C Na 47 74 −22 51 66 −13 52 59 −6 4 −8 9 5 −15 16 54 Takechi et al. [75]
FDI, NS-eX, F8C Na 57 69 −10 57 67 −8 0 −2 1 Lioumis et al. [76]
ADM, MS-BS, F8C Na 59 69 −8 59 59 0 Cincinelli et al. [77]
FDI, MS-RS, F8C Na 60 66 −5 Lüdemann-Podubecká et al. [78]
FDI, MS-RS, F8C Na 60 92 −21 Veldema et al. [38]
APB, MS-200, F8C Na 55 89 −24 54 83 −21 −1 −6 2 Platz et al. [79]
FCU, MS-BS, F8C Na 64 Renner et al. [80]
ECR, MP-R30, RC Na 53 51 Kim et al. [22]
FDI, MS-R, F8C (1) TBS 54 54 0 55 50 5 1 −4 5 54 54 0 Khan et al. [81]
(2) NMES 54 54 0 54 49 5 0 −5 5
(3) TBS + NMES 50 54 −4 54 43 11 4 −11 15
ADM, MS-200, RC Na 48 70 −19 47 63 −15 45 61 −15 −1 −7 4 −3 −9 4 Traversa et al. [82]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 62 43 Renner et al. [83]
FDI, MS-R, F8C Na 60 Seniòw et al. [84]
FDI, na, F8C Na 63 86 −15 58 57 1 Brouwer et al. [25]
APB, MS-na, F8C (1) PT 45 55 −10 45 57 −12 45 57 −12 0 2 −2 0 2 −2 Liepert et al. [119]
ADM, MS-R, F8C Na 42 71 −26 47 48 −1 Cincinelli et al. [26]
FCR, MS-200, F8C Na 50 50 0 Matsura et al. [86]
APB, MS-SR, F8C Na 64 86 −15 Veldema et al. [44]
ECR, MP-na, F8C Na 71 Tarri et al. [87]
ADM, MS-R, F8C Na 48 61 −12 Cincinelli et al. [88]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 45 45 0 42 Liepert et al. [89]
FDI, MS-R, F8C Na 54 73 −15 56 67 −9 2 −6 6 67 70 −2 Grau-Sánchez et al. [90]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 42 56 −14 41 Kemlin et al. [91]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C (1) < 6 months 47 51 −4 49 50 −1 Schambra et al. [92]
(2) > 6 months 46 56 −10
FDI, MS-200, F8C (1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS 72 85 −8 74 78 −3 74 80 −4 2 −7 6 2 −5 4 Wang et al. [45]
(2) iTBS + 1 Hz rTMS 71 78 −5 74 75 −1 76 76 0 3 −3 4 5 −2 5
(3) Sham 75 88 −8 74 85 −7 72 86 −9 −1 −3 1 −3 −2 −1
EDC, MS-200, F8C Na 47 61 −12 47 59 −11 49 66 −15 0 −2 1 2 5 −2 Sawaki et al. [123]
EDC, MS-200, F8C (1) 3–9 months 52 65 −11 51 63 −10 52 62 −8 −1 −2 1 0 −3 2 Sawaki et al. [93]
(2) > 12 months 44 55 −11 45 63 −17 46 53 −7 1 8 −6 1 −3 4
ECR, MS-SR, F8C Na 56 Theilig et al. [94]
Targeted muscle Interventions/groups Baseline 1. Follw up 2. Follw up 1. Follw up—baseline changes 2. Follw up—baseline changes Healthy controls References
NA A LQ NA A LQ NA A LQ NA A LQ NA A LQ D ND LQ
APB, MS-R, F8C Na 47 80 −26 Chervyakov et al. [95]
FDI, MS-200, F8C (1) 1 Hz rTMS + iTBS 70 86 −10 72 80 −5 74 77 −2 2 −6 5 4 −9 8 Sung et al. [96]
(2) Sham rTMS + iTBS 71 87 −10 71 88 −11 74 85 −7 0 1 −1 3 −2 3
(3) 1 Hz rTMS + sham iTBS 71 84 −8 72 80 −5 70 81 −7 1 −4 3 −1 −3 1
(4) Sham rTMS + sham iTBS 70 85 −10 71 86 −10 70 84 −9 1 1 0 0 −1 1
FDI, MS-NM-200, RC Na 41 45 −4 43 Pennisi et al. [97]
ECR, MS-200, F8C Na 43 48 −5 Borich et al. [24]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 67 77 −7 Bastings et al. [40]
ADM, MP-X100, PC Na 37 50 −15 Cakar et al. [23]
FDI, MS-200, RC Na 46 73 −23 Shiner et al. [31]
APB, MS-200, F8C Na 47 44 3 Braun et al. [98]
Na, na, na Na 53 63 −9 55 Cruz-Martínez et al. [99]
Hand, C-HS, RC Na 65 69 −3 66 70 −3 1 1 0 Chouinard et al. [100]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 45 67 −20 Ackerley et al. [101]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 65 Takeuchi et al. [35]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 44 57 −13 Bestmann et al. [41]
ECR, MS-200, F8C Na 48 85 −28 Stinear et al. [33]
FDI, APB, ADM, C-HS/MS-R, F8C Na 73 88 −9 69 82 −9 67 81 −9 −4 −6 1 −6 −7 0 Koski et al. [21]
FDI, MS-R, F8C Na 66 63 −3 Amengual et al. [124]
ADM, MS-200, F8C Na 39 47 −9 Talelli et al. [102]
EDC, MS-BS, F8C (1) CIMT 50 71 −17 48 73 −21 −2 2 −3 Wittenberg et al. [103]
(2) Control 50 72 −18 55 82 −20 5 10 −2
ECR, MS-200, F8C Na 59 Milot et al. [104]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 42 44 −2 37 36 1 Guder et al. [42]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 43 46 −3 43 45 −2 0 −1 1 Liepert et al. [105]
FRC, BS-200, F8C (1) PT 67 68 69 1 2 Marconi et al. [106]
(2) RMV + PT 70 58 60 −12 −10
BB, BS-200, F8C (1) PT 72 70 68 −2 −4
(2) RMV + PT 72 59 62 −13 −10
EDC, BS-200, F8C (1) PT 68 67 71 −1 3
nnnnnn RMV + PT 70 60 64 −10 −6
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 47 51 −4 Thickbroom et al. [36]
FCR, MP-X100, F8C Na 84 81 80 Edwards et al. [20]
APB, MS-BS, F8C Na 53 Conforto et al. [107]
APB, MS-200, F8C Na 53 60 −6 Palmer et al. [16]
APB, MS-200, F8C Na 38 78 −34 Von Lewinski et al. [108]
ED, MS-R, F8C-AF Na 52 Carey et al. [109]
APB, MS-200, F8C Na 51 55 −4 53 46 7 Gray et al. [110]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C Na 53 Kuppuswamy et al. [111]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C Na 44 56 −12 Cassidy et al. [112]
FDI, na, F8C Na 55 61 −5 54 61 −6 54 61 −6 −1 0 −1 −1 0 −1 Restemeyer et al. [113]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C Na 48 47 1 51 Mooney et al. [114]
ECU, MS-BS, F8C Na 67 53 Buetefisch et al. [115]
FDI, MS-BS, F8C Na 46 76 −25 Silverstein et al. [32]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 52 60 −7 Takeuchi et al. [116]
APB, MS-na, F8C Na 46 55 −10 45 55 −10 −1 −1 0 Liepert et al. [117]
ECR, MS-200, F8C Na 46 72 −22 45 46 −1 Mang et al. [43]
FDI, MS-200, F8C Na 39 62 −23 Werhahn et al. [39]
ECR, MS-SR-F8C Na 87 Miller et al. [29]
FDI, MS-na, F8C Na 44 50 −6 Liu et al. [118]
]FDI, MS-na, F8C Na 51 51 0 Liepert et al. [119]
FDI, MS-na, F8C Na 46 49 −3 46 Liu et al. [118]
FDI, na, F8C Na 63 76 −9 58 57 1 Brouwer et al. [25]
APB, MS-BS, F8C Na 52 42 46 −5 Lewis et al. [121]
FPB, MS-BS, F8C Na 54 76 −17 46 43 3 Berweck et al. [122]

A, affected hemisphere; ADM, abductor digiti minimi; AO, action observation; APB, abductor pollicis brevis; BB, musculus biceps brachii; C-HS, Cadwell high-speed stimulator; CIMT, constraint induced movement therapy; CT, conventional; D, dominant hemisphere; ECR, extensor carpi radialis; ECU, extensor carpi ulnaris; ED, extensor digitorum; EDC, extensor digitorum communis; FDI, first dorsal interosseous muscle; FDM, flexor digiti minimi; Hz, hertz; iTBS, intermittent theta burst stimulation; FCU, flexor carpi ulnaris; FPB, flexor pollicis brevis; FCR, flexor carpi radialis; F8C, figure-of-eight shaped coil; LQ, laterality quotient; MEP, motor evoked potentials; ML-200, Maglit—200 stimulator; MP-X100, Magpro—X100 stimulator; MP-R30, Magpro—R30 stimulator; MS-BS, Magstim—BiStim stimulator; MS-NM-200, Magstim—Novametric—2000; MS-SR, Magstim—Super Rapid stimulator; MS-R, Magstim—Rapid stimulator; MS-200, Magstim—200 stimulator; na, not available, not applicable; NA, non affected hemisphere; NDH, non-dominant hemisphere; NMES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation; NS-eX, Nexstim—eXimia stimulator; PC, parabolic coil; PT, physiotherapy; RC, round coil; rMT, resting motor threshold; rMV, repeated muscle vibration; rTMS, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; TM, thenar muscles