TABLE 2.
Pregnancy, delivery and postpartum characteristics of births to women with versus without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and by hypertensive subtype
| HDP subtypeb |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Without HDP | With HDPa | Gestational hypertension | Preeclampsia-eclampsia | Chronic hypertension | Chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia |
| N (% of total) | 2 311 447 (92.8) | 179 808 (7.2) | 53 372 (2.1) | 75 819 (3.0) | 33 343 (1.3) | 17 184 (0.7) |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 28 (23–33) | 29 (24–34) | 28 (23–33) | 28 (22–33) | 32 (28–37) | 32 (27–36) |
| Age category, n (%) | ||||||
| <20 years | 197 462 (8.5) | 16 227 (9.0) | 5345 (10.9) | 9537 (12.6) | 752 (2.2) | 593 (3.5) |
| 20–24 years | 490 746 (21.2) | 34 449 (19.2) | 11 507 (21.6) | 17 157 (22.6) | 3499 (10.5) | 2286 (13.3) |
| 25–34 years | 1 214 229 (52.5) | 86 283 (48.0) | 26 254 (49.2) | 34 578 (45.6) | 16 907 (50.6) | 8544 (49.7) |
| ≥35 years | 409 010 (17.7) | 42 849 (23.8) | 10 266 (19.2) | 14 547 (19.2) | 12 275 (36.7) | 5761 (33.5) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 588 194 (25.7) | 46 711 (26.3) | 15 826 (30.0) | 17 877 (23.9) | 9100 (27.6) | 3908 (23.1) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 113 245 (5.0) | 16 315 (9.2) | 4007 (7.6) | 5713 (7.6) | 4312 (13.1) | 2283 (13.5) |
| Hispanic | 1 241 301 (54.3) | 91 855 (51.8) | 26 296 (49.9) | 42 720 (57.2) | 14 629 (44.4) | 8210 (48.5) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 291 707 (12.8) | 17 432 (9.8) | 5094 (9.7) | 6603 (8.8) | 3784 (11.5) | 1951 (11.5) |
| Other | 50 456 (2.2) | 5043 (2.8) | 1495 (2.8) | 1844 (2.5) | 1134 (3.4) | 570 (3.4) |
| Insurance type at childbirth, n (%) | ||||||
| Private/mixed | 1 111 532 (48.1) | 88 054 (49) | 25 901 (48.5) | 39 600 (52.2) | 17 974 (53.8) | 8331 (48.5) |
| Public | 1 151 510 (49.8) | 89 250 (49.6) | 26 662 (50.0) | 35 087 (46.3) | 15,106 (45.2) | 8643 (50.3) |
| Self-pay | 48 286 (2.1) | 2499 (1.4) | 807 (1.5) | 1130 (1.5) | 352 (1.1) | 210 (1.2) |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 24.4 (21.6–28.5) | 27.6 (23.5 –33.3) | 27.3 (23.4–32.4) | 26.5 (22.8 –31.4) | 30.7 (25.5 –36.8) | 30.4 (25.6–36.4) |
| Prepregnancy obesity, n (%) | ||||||
| Nonobese (<30.0 kg/m2) | 1 729,947 (74.8) | 102 104 (56.8) | 32,045 (60.0) | 47,950 (63.2) | 14,575 (43.6) | 7534 (43.8) |
| Class I obesity 30.0–34.9 kg/m2) | 261 560 (11.3) | 31 406 (17.5) | 9263 (17.4) | 11,887 (5.7) | 6727 (20.1) | 3529 (20.5) |
| Class II obesity 35.0–39.9 kg/m2) | 102 310 (4.4) | 17 821 (9.9) | 4842 (9.1) | 5835 (7.7) | 4819 (14.4) | 2325 (13.5) |
| Class III obesity (≥40.0 kg/m2) | 55 454 (2.4) | 14 760 (8.2) | 3480 (6.5) | 3994 (5.3) | 4921 (14.7) | 2365 (13.8) |
| Missing BMI | 162 176 (7.0) | 175 893 (7.1) | 3742 (7.0) | 6153 (8.1) | 2391 (7.2) | 1431 (8.3) |
| Chronic diabetes, n (%) | 15 160 (0.7) | 7480 (4.2) | 866 (1.6) | 2270 (3.0) | 2708 (8.1) | 1638 (9.5) |
| Gestational diabetes, n (%) | 166 242 (7.2) | 24 758 (13.8) | 6199 (11.6) | 8920 (11.8) | 6360 (19.0) | 3279 (19.1) |
| Adequacy of prenatal care, n (%) | ||||||
| Adequate Plus | 693 052 (31.1) | 82 921 (48.1) | 21 301 (41.4) | 35 285 (48.7) | 16 142 (50.3) | 10 193 (62.3) |
| Adequate | 929 969 (41.7) | 53 517 (31.1) | 18 622 (36.2) | 21 560 (29.8) | 9925 (30.9) | 3410 (20.8) |
| Intermediate | 37 8811 (17.0) | 19 055 (11.1) | 6628 (12.9) | 7930 (11.0) | 3362 (10.5) | 1135 (6.9) |
| Inadequate | 227 583 (10.2) | 16 860 (9.8) | 4912 (9.5) | 7654 (10.6) | 2668 (8.3) | 1626 (9.9) |
| Singleton or multiple gestation, n (%) | ||||||
| Singleton | 2 277 504 (98.5) | 171 982 (95.6) | 51 770 (97.0) | 71 036 (93.7) | 32 671 (97.7) | 16 505 (96.0) |
| Multiple | 33 943 (1.5) | 7826 (4.4) | 1602 (3.0) | 4783 (6.3) | 762 (2.3) | 679 (4.0) |
| Timing of delivery, n (%) | ||||||
| Early preterm (20 to <34 weeks) | 5022 (0.2) | 363 (0.2) | 25 (0.1) | 103 (0.1) | 176 (0.5) | 59 (0.3) |
| Late preterm (34 to <37 weeks) | 154 807 (6.7) | 41 007 (22.8) | 5871 (11.0) | 23 130 (30.5) | 4626 (13.8) | 7380 (42.9) |
| Term (early to late) and postterm 2 (37–45 weeks) | 151 618 (93.1) | 138 438 (77.0) | 47 476 (89.0) | 52 586 (69.4) | 28 631 (85.6) | 9745 (56.7) |
| Mode of delivery, n (%) | ||||||
| Vaginal | 1 575 607 (68.2) | 88 796 (49.4) | 30 847 (57.8) | 35 187 (46.4) | 16 679 (49.9) | 6083 (35.4) |
| Caesarean | 735 827 (31.8) | 91 011 (50.6) | 22 525 (42.2) | 40 632 (53.6) | 16 754 (50.1) | 11 100 (64.6) |
| Birth outcome, n (%) | ||||||
| Term without SGA | 1 969 014 (85.2) | 118 062 (65.7) | 41 122 (77.1) | 43 196 (57.0) | 25 598 (76.6) | 8146 (47.4) |
| Preterm or SGA | 335 545 (14.5) | 60 767 (33.8) | 12 095 (22.7) | 32 278 (42.6) | 7,512 (22.5) | 8882 (51.7) |
| Stillborn | 6888 (0.3) | 979 (0.5) | 155 (0.3) | 345 (0.5) | 323 (1) | 156 (0.9) |
| NICU admission, n (%) | 114 124 (4.9) | 27 440 (15.3) | 3992 (7.5) | 14 978 (19.8) | 3512 (10.5) | 4958 (28.9) |
| Length of childbirth hospitalization after delivery, n (%) | ||||||
| 0–1 days | 365 571 (15.8) | 7314 (4.1) | 2967 (5.6) | 1414 (1.9) | 2598 (7.8) | 335 (1.9) |
| 2–3 days | 1 633 696 (70.7) | 100 076 (55.7) | 34 588 (64.8) | 36,612 (48.3) | 21 929 (65.6) | 6947 (40.4) |
| 4–5 days | 281 334 (12.2) | 53 851 (29.9) | 13 573 (25.4) | 27 122 (35.8) | 7203 (21.5) | 5953 (34.6) |
| 6–7 days | 15 924 (0.7) | 10 884 (6.1) | 1569 (2.9) | 6463 (8.5) | 869 (2.6) | 1983 (11.5) |
| >7 days | 14 922 (0.6) | 7683 (4.3) | 675 (1.3) | 4208 (5.6) | 834 (2.5) | 1966 (11.4) |
| At least one maternal hospital encounter in 12 weeks after delivery, n (%) | ||||||
| Any | 177 556 (7.7) | 22 934 (12.8) | 5772 (10.8) | 9424 (12.4) | 4799 (14.4) | 2939 (17.1) |
| ED visit | 159 056 (6.9) | 19 575 (10.9) | 4998 (9.4) | 7925 (10.5) | 4186 (12.5) | 2466 (14.4) |
| Hospital readmission | 29 253 (1.3) | 5244 (2.9) | 1195 (2.2) | 1011 (3.0) | 781 (4.5) | |
ED, emergency department; HDP, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; IQR, interquartile range; NICU, neonatal ICU; SGA, small for gestational age.
a
All comparisons between groups without versus with HDP had P < 0.001.
b
All comparisons between HDP subtypes had family P < 0.001.