Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Variables | low activity group with low social relationships 1 (n = 307) |
low activity group with high social relationships 2 (n = 183) |
high activity group with low social relationships 3 (n = 205) |
high activity group with high social relationships 4 (n = 293) |
ANOVA or chi square P value |
Post Hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEAN ± SD | MEAN ± SD | MEAN ± SD | MEAN ± SD | |||
| Age, years | 73.7 ± 5.8 | 73.5 ± 5.3 | 72.4 ± 5.2 | 72.8 ± 5.3 | 0.029 | – |
| Women, n(%) | 164 (53.4) | 115 (62.8) | 93 (45.4) | 184 (63.0) | < 0.001 | 3,4 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.0 ± 3.3 | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 0.624 | – |
| Medication status | ||||||
| Hypertension, n(%) | 149 (48.9) | 89 (48.6) | 80 (39.2) | 120 (41.2) | 0.067 | |
| Psychotropic, n(%) | 10 (3.3) | 3 (1.6) | 3 (1.5) | 5 (1.7) | 0.427 | |
| Diabetes, n(%) | 42 (13.8) | 21 (11.5) | 23 (11.3) | 26 (8.9) | 0.327 | |
| Sleeping pills, n(%) | 28 (9.2) | 18 (9.8) | 10 (4.9) | 18 (6.2) | 0.147 | |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Lower back pain, n(%) | 70 (23.0) | 42 (23.0) | 41 (20.1) | 50 (17.2) | 0.290 | |
| Knee pain, n(%) | 47 (15.4) | 24 (13.2) | 25 (12.3) | 38 (13.1) | 0.739 | |
| Hip pain, n(%) | 11 (3.6) | 7 (3.8) | 5 (2.5) | 9 (3.1) | 0.861 | |
| Alcohol consumption (drinker), n(%) | 104 (34.1) | 67 (36.6) | 87 (42.6) | 112 (38.5) | 0.264 | |
| Current smoker, n(%) | 22 (7.2) | 10 (5.5) | 23 (11.3) | 18 (6.2) | 0.108 | |
| GDS score, points | 4.3 ± 2.9 | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 3.7 ± 2.8 | 2.7 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 | 2,4 < 1, 4 < 3 |
| PSQI score, points | 5.6 ± 3.1 | 5.1 ± 3.0 | 4.9 ± 2.9 | 4.9 ± 3.2 | 0.024 | 4 < 1 |
| LSNS score, points | 12.9 ± 3.6 | 21.1 ± 2.8 | 13.6 ± 3.2 | 21.9 ± 3.3 | < 0.001 | 1,3 < 2,4 |
| Family ties, points | 7.3 ± 2.2 | 10.9 ± 1.9 | 7.4 ± 2.1 | 11.2 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 | 1,3 < 2,4 |
| Friendship ties, points | 5.7 ± 2.8 | 10.2 ± 1.9 | 6.2 ± 2.5 | 10.7 ± 2.2 | < 0.001 | 1,3 < 2,4 |
| PASE score, points | 76.7 ± 28.0 | 81.1 ± 26.6 | 158.7 ± 40.3 | 175.3 ± 56.6 | < 0.001 | 1,2 < 3,4, 3 < 4 |
| Leisure-time physical activity, points | 13.5 ± 13.8 | 14.9 ± 13.7 | 28.3 ± 24.7 | 32.9 ± 30.8 | < 0.001 | 1,2 < 3,4 |
| Housework physical activity, points | 60.6 ± 27.9 | 64.7 ± 27.8 | 102.8 ± 30.8 | 109.2 ± 32.6 | < 0.001 | 1,2 < 3,4 |
| Work-related physical activity, points | 2.6 ± 10.1 | 1.6 ± 5.1 | 27.6 ± 50.4 | 33.2 ± 56.4 | < 0.001 | 1,2 < 3,4 |
| Physical functionsa | ||||||
| Grip strength, kg | 27.37 ± 0.28 | 27.88 ± 0.37 | 27.82 ± 0.34 | 28.58 ± 0.29 | 0.029 | 1 < 4 |
| One-leg standing duration, sec | 31.20 ± 1.26 | 34.64 ± 1.63 | 36.93 ± 1.51 | 36.03 ± 1.28 | 0.013 | 1 < 3,4 |
| Timed up and go test, sec | 6.20 ± 0.07 | 6.02 ± 0.09 | 5.98 ± 0.09 | 5.86 ± 0.07 | 0.011 | 4 < 1 |
| 5-m walk test, sec | 3.73 ± 0.04 | 3.61 ± 0.05 | 3.70 ± 0.05 | 3.58 ± 0.04 | 0.027 | 4 < 1 |
| 5 times sit-to-stand test, sec | 3.73 ± 0.04 | 3.61 ± 0.05 | 3.70 ± 0.05 | 3.58 ± 0.04 | 0.005 | 2,4 < 1 |
Note: SD standard deviation, BMI Body mass index, GDS geriatric depression scale, LSNS Lubben social network scale, PASE physical activity scale for the elderly; a low activity group with low social relationships (n = 260); low activity group with high social relationships (n = 152); high activity group with low social relationships (n = 179); and high activity group with high social relationships (n = 251) due to missing data