Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study subjects
| Muscle mass/function groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Low mass | Low strength | Sarcopenia | p valueb | |
| N = 1284 | 914 | 162 | 139 | 69 | |
| Age, y | 57·2 ± 5·5 | 58·9 ± 5·5c | 59·7 ± 6·4c | 62·1 ± 7·0c | <·001 |
| Sex, male | 420 (46·0) | 69 (42·6) | 57 (41·0) | 34 (49·3) | 0·552 |
| Smoking, current | 95 (10·4) | 10 (6·2) | 14 (10·1) | 5 (7·3) | 0·404 |
| Alcohol, current | 437 (47·8) | 70 (43·2) | 52 (37·4)c | 21 (30·4)c | 0·005 |
| Regular exercise | 344 (37·7) | 43 (26·5)c | 40 (28·8)c | 13 (18·8)c | <·001 |
| Education | 0·010 | ||||
| Primary | 65 (7·1) | 21 (13·0)c | 21 (15·1)c | 10 (14·5) | |
| Secondary | 624 (68·4) | 106 (65·4)c | 92 (66·2)c | 43 (62·3) | |
| College/university | 224 (24·5) | 35 (21·6)c | 26 (18·7)c | 16 (23·2) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24·0 ± 2·5 | 27·4 ± 2·5c | 23·6 ± 2·7 | 25·9 ± 2·4c | <·001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80·2 ± 8·0 | 87·0 ± 8·0c | 79·0 ± 7·5 | 83·9 ± 7·2c | <·001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 114·0 ± 14·0 | 116·7 ± 14·0 | 113·5 ± 14·8 | 116·5 ± 14·0 | 0·060 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 74·6 ± 9·6 | 76·8 ± 9·6c | 73·0 ± 9·5 | 73·9 ± 9·2 | 0·005 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 5·0 ± 0·4 | 5·1 ± 0·4 | 4·9 ± 0·4c | 5·0 ± 0·4 | <·001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mola | 37 (34–39) | 37 (34–39) | 37 (33–39) | 37 (34–38) | 0·442 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/La | 1·3 (0·9–1·7) | 1·4 (1·1–2·0)c | 1·3 (1·0–1·7) | 1·4 (1·0–1·8) | 0·023 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5·2 ± 0·9 | 5·2 ± 0·9 | 5·1 ± 0·9 | 4·9 ± 1·0c | 0·033 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1·3 ± 0·3 | 1·2 ± 0·3c | 1·3 ± 0·3 | 1·2 ± 0·3 | 0·004 |
| HOMA-IRa | 1·6 (1·3–2·1) | 2·0 (1·6–2·6)c | 1·5 (1·2–1·8) | 1·7 (1·5–2·3) | <·001 |
| hsCRP, nmol/La | 5·0 (3·0–9·0) | 8·9 (5·3–19·7)c | 5·4 (3·7–10·9) | 7·0 (3·5–12·6) | <·001 |
| ASM, kg | 17·7 ± 4·2 | 15·9 ± 3·7c | 16·1 ± 3·5c | 15·2 ± 3·3c | <·001 |
| ASM/BMI | 0·74 ± 0·16 | 0·58 ± 0·16c | 0·69 ± 0·14c | 0·59 ± 0·16c | <·001 |
| Handgrip strength, kga | 29·3 (23·3–39·4) | 26·0 (22·1–37·0) | 18·5 (16·9–29·6)c | 18·7 (17·5–28·4)c | <·001 |
| HTN | 249 (27·2) | 57 (35·2)c | 37 (26·6) | 27 (39·1)c | 0·042 |
| Heart disease | 38 (4·2) | 7 (4·3) | 8 (5·8) | 7 (10·1)c | 0·133 |
| ICV, mL | 1407·2 ± 133·0 | 1396·9 ± 133·0 | 1383·1 ± 138·8 | 1363·5 ± 134·5c | 0·017 |
Data are presented as number (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range)
a Statistical significance was estimated after logarithmic transformation
b ANOVA test of four groups and corresponding characteristics
c Significantly different from control (P < 0·05)
Abbreviations: ASM appendicular skeletal muscle mass; BMI body mass index; DBP diastolic blood pressure; FPG fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c hemoglobin A1c; HDL high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP high-sensitive C-reactive protein; HTN hypertension; ICV intracranial volume; SBP systolic blood pressure