Table 2.
Adjusted mean volume changes in total and regional brain volumes (∆ mL) during four years in groups classified by muscle mass and strength
| Muscle mass/function groups | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∆mL | Control | Low mass | Low strength | Sarcopenia | p valuea | ||||
| N = 1284 | 914 | 162 | 139 | 69 | |||||
| ΔTotal | −12·7 | (− 15·1, − 10·3) | − 12·8 | (− 16·0, −9·7) | − 14·0 | (− 17·2, − 10·8) | −14·2 | (− 18·2, − 10·1) | 0·693 |
| ΔWM | − 3·7 | (−6·0, − 1·3) | −2·2 | (−5·3, 0·9) | −3·2 | (−6·4, − 0·1) | −3·9 | (−7·8, 0·1) | 0·663 |
| ΔGM | − 9·6 | (− 10·9, −8·3) | −11·6 | (− 13·3, − 9·9)b | −11·6 | (− 13·3, − 9·9)b | −11·6 | (− 13·7, − 9·4) | <·001 |
| ΔFrontal GM | −2·3 | (− 2·9, − 1·7) | − 3·3 | (− 4·1, − 2·5)b | − 2·8 | (− 3·6, − 2·0) | −3·1 | (− 4·1, − 2·1) | 0·003 |
| ΔParietal GM | −1·6 | (− 1·9, − 1·2) | −2·0 | (− 2·4, − 1·5) | −2·0 | (− 2·5, − 1·6) | −2·4 | (− 3·0, − 1·8)b | 0·002 |
| ΔTemporal GM | − 0·8 | (− 1·2, − 0·5) | − 0·8 | (− 1·3, − 0·3) | −1·4 | (− 1·8, − 0·9) | −0·9 | (−1·5, − 0·3) | 0·050 |
| ΔOccipital GM | −2·0 | (− 2·4, − 1·6) | −2·5 | (− 3·0, − 2·0)b | −2·1 | (− 2·6, − 1·7) | −2·5 | (− 3·1, − 1·9) | 0·016 |
| ΔCingulate GM | −0·4 | (− 0·5, − 0·2) | −0·3 | (− 0·5, − 0·1) | −0·3 | (− 0·5, − 0·1) | −0·4 | (− 0·7, − 0·1) | 0·865 |
| ΔInsular GM | − 0·08 | (− 0·12, − 0·04) | −0·06 | (− 0·11, − 0·01) | −0·08 | (− 0·13, − 0·02) | −0·06 | (− 0·13, 0·004) | 0·682 |
| ΔCerebellar GM | −1·5 | (−1·9, − 1·2) | −1·6 | (− 2·0, − 1·2) | −1·7 | (− 2·2, − 1·3) | −1·5 | (− 2·0, − 1·0) | 0·705 |
| ΔSubcortical GM | − 1·1 | (− 1·2, − 1·0) | −1·1 | (− 1·3, − 1·0) | −1·1 | (− 1·3, − 1·0) | −0·9 | (−1·1, − 0·8) | 0·151 |
| ΔRH.hippocampus | −0.003 | (− 0.02, 0.01) | −0.008 | (− 0.03, 0.01) | 0.012 | (− 0.01, 0.03) | −0.005 | (− 0.03, 0.02) | 0.221 |
| ΔLH.hippocampus | −0.017 | (−0.03, − 0.002) | −0.028 | (− 0.05, − 0.01) | −0.002 | (− 0.02, 0.02) | −0.014 | (− 0.04, 0.01) | 0.102 |
Data are presented as adjusted mean (95% confidence interval). Volume changes (ΔVolume) are adjusted for baseline intracranial volume, age, sex, smoking, alcohol, exercise, education, hypertension, heart disease, time between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and first MRI, time between MRI scans, and baseline brain volume. Volume changes (ΔVolume) were calculated by subtracting baseline brain volumes from follow-up brain volumes
a ANOVA test of four groups
b Significantly different from control (P < 0·05)
Abbreviations: GM gray matter; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; WM white matter, RH right hemisphere; LH left hemisphere