Table 3.
Hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models for the primary outcome and cardiovascular components
| HR | 95% CI | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome | |||
| Group 1 | 1 | − | − |
| Group 2 (vs group 1) | 1.025 | 0.600–1.750 | 0.928 |
| Group 3 (vs group 1) | 0.907 | 0.549–1.497 | 0.702 |
| Group 4 (vs group 1) | 1.948 | 1.252–3.031 | 0.003 |
| Age | 1.041 | 1.013–1.070 | 0.004 |
| Sex, female (vs male) | 0.466 | 0.324–0.670 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive agents (vs without the agents) | 1.468 | 1.018–2.115 | 0.040 |
| Antihyperlipidemic agents (vs without the agents) | 0.939 | 0.662–1.331 | 0.724 |
| Antithrombotic agents/coronary vasodilators (vs without the agents) | 1.549 | 0.983–2.439 | 0.059 |
| CKD (vs without) | 1.376 | 0.962–1.969 | 0.080 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (vs without) | 1.212 | 0.779–1.884 | 0.393 |
| Diabetic neuropathy (vs without) | 0.652 | 0.353–1.203 | 0.171 |
| Atrial fibrillation (vs without) | 1.077 | 0.491–2.361 | 0.853 |
| CCI | 1.156 | 1.017–1.314 | 0.026 |
| HbA1c on the first visit day for DM | 1.058 | 0.981–1.142 | 0.145 |
| Stroke | Cardiac disease | Coronary revascularization | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P‐value | HR | 95% CI | P‐value | HR | 95% CI | P‐value | |
| Cardiovascular components | |||||||||
| Group 1 | 1 | − | − | 1 | − | − | 1 | − | − |
| Group 2 (vs group 1) | 1.339 | 0.588–3.050 | 0.487 | 0.985 | 0.473–2.053 | 0.969 | 1.231 | 0.483–3.136 | 0.664 |
| Group 3 (vs group 1) | 1.147 | 0.525–2.510 | 0.731 | 0.877 | 0.444–1.734 | 0.706 | 1.107 | 0.454–2.697 | 0.823 |
| Group 4 (vs group 1) | 1.564 | 0.733–3.337 | 0.247 | 2.503 | 1.409–4.448 | 0.002 | 2.649 | 1.234–5.686 | 0.012 |
| Age | 1.051 | 1.005–1.098 | 0.028 | 1.047 | 1.010–1.084 | 0.012 | 1.013 | 0.966–1.062 | 0.597 |
| Sex, female (vs male) | 0.499 | 0.278–0.895 | 0.020 | 0.495 | 0.311–0.786 | 0.003 | 0.348 | 0.181–0.671 | 0.002 |
| Antihypertensive agents (vs without the agents) | 1.164 | 0.655–2.068 | 0.605 | 1.892 | 1.159–3.088 | 0.011 | 1.332 | 0.729–2.432 | 0.351 |
| Antihyperlipidemic agents (vs without the agents) | 1.000 | 0.566–1.768 | 0.999 | 0.842 | 0.534–1.325 | 0.457 | 0.715 | 0.391–1.306 | 0.275 |
| Antithrombotic agents/coronary vasodilators (vs without the agents) | 1.266 | 0.588–2.727 | 0.546 | 1.440 | 0.788–2.633 | 0.236 | 1.627 | 0.759–3.487 | 0.210 |
| CKD (vs without) | 1.153 | 0.643–2.068 | 0.632 | 1.510 | 0.951–2.398 | 0.081 | 2.434 | 1.344–4.407 | 0.003 |
| Diabetic retinopathy (vs without) | 1.002 | 0.480–2.094 | 0.995 | 1.430 | 0.816–2.507 | 0.211 | 1.648 | 0.833–3.262 | 0.151 |
| Diabetic neuropathy (vs without) | 1.225 | 0.528–2.839 | 0.637 | 0.335 | 0.120–0.933 | 0.036 | 0.704 | 0.270–1.839 | 0.474 |
| Atrial fibrillation (vs without) | 0.746 | 0.165–3.382 | 0.705 | 1.464 | 0.572–3.750 | 0.426 | 0.362 | 0.046–2.834 | 0.333 |
| CCI | 1.165 | 0.949–1.431 | 0.145 | 1.119 | 0.946–1.324 | 0.190 | 1.103 | 0.887–1.373 | 0.378 |
| HbA1c on the first visit day for DM | 1.037 | 0.914–1.177 | 0.570 | 1.080 | 0.981–1.189 | 0.115 | 1.087 | 0.963–1.227 | 0.175 |
Primary outcome and cardiovascular components: For the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the following baseline parameters were included as covariates: glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; groups 1–4) at the index date, age, sex, prescription of antihypertensive agents, prescription of antihyperlipidemic agents, prescription of antithrombotic agents/coronary vasodilators, chronic kidney disease, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, atrial fibrillation,; Charlson Comorbidity Index and HbA1c on the first visit day for diabetes mellitus.
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index.