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TGF-β1 and phosphorylated Smad2/3 protein expression levels in arecoline-treated rats. (a) TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3 protein expression levels were examined by Western blot analysis of left ventricular samples from control, low-dosage, and high-dosage arecoline-treated rats. (b) Data were quantified densitometrically and expressed as mean ± SEM. Protein expression was normalized to β-actin expression. *Significant difference (P < 0.05).
