Table 2.
Clinical characteristics.
| Variable | Total cohort (N=5601) | Training cohort (N=5037) | Hold-out cohort (N=564) | P valuea | ||||||
|
|
Value, n (%) or mean (SD) | Missing data, % | Value, n (%) or mean (SD) | Missing data, % | Value, n (%) or mean (SD) | Missing data, % |
|
|||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 2.5% |
|
2.5% |
|
2.7% | .60 | ||||
|
|
<120 | 1306 (23.3%) |
|
1177 (23.4%) |
|
129 (22.9%) |
|
|
||
|
|
120-129 | 1138 (20.3%) |
|
1012 (20.1%) |
|
126 (22.3%) |
|
|
||
|
|
130-139 | 1084 (19.4%) |
|
977 (19.4%) |
|
107 (19.0%) |
|
|
||
|
|
140-159 | 1418 (25.3%) |
|
1281 (25.4%) |
|
137 (24.3%) |
|
|
||
|
|
≥160 | 513 (9.2%) |
|
463 (9.2%) |
|
50 (8.9%) |
|
|
||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 2.5% |
|
2.5% |
|
2.7% | .04 | ||||
|
|
<80 | 2102 (37.5%) |
|
1878 (37.3%) |
|
224 (39.7%) |
|
|
||
|
|
80-89 | 1797 (32.1%) |
|
1601 (31.8%) |
|
196 (34.8%) |
|
|
||
|
|
90-99 | 1056 (18.9%) |
|
971 (19.3%) |
|
85 (15.1%) |
|
|
||
|
|
≥100 | 504 (9.0%) |
|
460 (9.1%) |
|
44 (7.8%) |
|
|
||
| Heart rate (bpm) | 85.8 (SD 15.1) | 2.3% | 85.8 (SD 15.0) | 2.3% | 86.3 (SD 15.4) | 2.5% | .47 | |||
| Body temperature (°C) | 36.9 (SD 0.6) | 0.7% | 36.9 (SD 0.6) | 0.8% | 37.0 (SD 0.6) | 0.7% | .86 | |||
| Symptoms |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Fever | 1302 (23.3%) | 0.1% | 1168 (23.2%) | 0.1% | 134 (23.8%) | 0.0% | .80 | ||
|
|
Cough | 2331 (41.6%) | 0.1% | 2103 (41.8%) | 0.1% | 228 (40.4%) | 0.0% | .58 | ||
|
|
Sputum | 1611 (28.8%) | 0.1% | 1460 (29.0%) | 0.1% | 151 (26.8%) | 0.0% | .29 | ||
|
|
Sore throat | 872 (15.6%) | 0.1% | 779 (15.5%) | 0.1% | 93 (16.5%) | 0.0% | .57 | ||
|
|
Rhinorrhea | 617 (11.0%) | 0.1% | 560 (11.1%) | 0.1% | 57 (10.1%) | 0.0% | .51 | ||
|
|
Myalgia | 920 (16.4%) | 0.1% | 820 (16.3%) | 0.1% | 100 (17.7%) | 0.0% | .41 | ||
|
|
Fatigue | 233 (4.2%) | 0.1% | 207 (4.1%) | 0.1% | 26 (4.6%) | 0.0% | .65 | ||
|
|
Shortness of breath | 665 (11.9%) | 0.1% | 608 (12.1%) | 0.1% | 57 (10.1%) | 0.0% | .19 | ||
|
|
Headache | 963 (17.2%) | 0.1% | 873 (17.3%) | 0.1% | 90 (16.0%) | 0.0% | .45 | ||
|
|
Altered consciousness | 35 (0.6%) | 0.1% | 31 (0.6%) | 0.1% | 4 (0.7%) | 0.0% | .78 | ||
|
|
Vomiting | 244 (4.4%) | 0.1% | 210 (4.2%) | 0.1% | 34 (6.0%) | 0.0% | .05 | ||
|
|
Diarrhea | 516 (9.2%) | 0.1% | 457 (9.1%) | 0.1% | 59 (10.5%) | 0.0% | .32 | ||
| Laboratory values |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.3 (SD 1.8) | 27.2% | 13.3 (SD 1.8) | 26.7% | 13.2 (SD 1.8) | 31.6% | .41 | ||
|
|
Hematocrit (%) | 39.2 (SD 5.0) | 27.2% | 39.3 (SD 4.9) | 26.7% | 39.1 (SD 5.2) | 31.7% | .56 | ||
|
|
Lymphocyte proportion (%) | 29.2 (SD 11.7) | 27.6% | 29.3 (SD 11.7) | 27.1% | 28.2 (SD 11.0) | 32.1% | .09 | ||
|
|
Platelet count (/μL) | 236,697 (SD 82,897) | 27.1% | 236,776 (SD 82,534) | 26.7% | 235,943 (SD 86,395) | 31.4% | .86 | ||
|
|
White blood cell count (/μL) | 6126 (SD 2824) | 27.1% | 6121 (SD 2841) | 26.7% | 6167 (SD 2666) | 31.4% | .75 | ||
| WHO OSCIb ≥6 | 271 (4.8%) | 0.0% | 242 (4.8%) | 0.0% | 29 (5.1%) | 0.0% | .80 | |||
| Pregnancy | 19 (0.3%) | 0.4% | 17 (0.3%) | 0.3% | 2 (0.4%) | 0.5% | >.99 | |||
| Pregnancy weeks | 0.05 (SD 1.1) | 0.4% | 0.06 (SD 1.1) | 0.4% | 0.03 (SD 0.5) | 0.5% | .40 | |||
aDifferences between groups were analyzed using the Welch t test for continuous variables, the Mann-Whitney U test for ordinal variables, the chi-square test for categorical variables with frequencies above 5, and the Fisher exact test for categorical variables with frequencies below 5. Two-sided P values are reported.
bWHO OSCI: World Health Organization Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement.