Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| HC | T2DM | AD | Significance Tests |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| df | F ratio | p-value | Tukey’s HSD | ||||
| Number (#) | 27 | 28 | 22 | ||||
| Female # (%) | 12 (44%) | 13 (46%) | 13 (59%) | N = 77, df = 2, 2-tailed p = 0.578; Fisher’s Exact Test | |||
| Age (y) | 61.7 ± 1.6 | 66.3 ± 1.5 | 69.6 ± 1.7 | 2,74 | 5.96 | 0.004 | HC<AD |
| MMSE (#/30) | 29.4 ± 0.3 | 29.0 ± 0.3 | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 2,74 | 196.90 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| GDS (#/15) | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2,74 | 7.31 | 0.001 | HC<AD |
| Education (y) | 15.8 ± 0.6 | 15.5 ± 0.5 | 16.6 ± 0.6 | 2,74 | 0.86 | 0.429 | |
| Premorbid IQ (W-TAR) | 113.6 ± 2.4 | 112.2 ± 2.4 | 108.2 ± 2.7 | 2,74 | 1.19 | 0.311 | |
| Network ROI thicknesses (mm) | |||||||
| Limbic NOI Thickness | 2.5 ± 0.03 | 2.5 ± 0.03 | 2.4 ± 0.03 | 2,74 | 11.70 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| Default NOI Thickness | 2.4 ± 0.02 | 2.4 ± 0.02 | 2.3 ± 0.02 | 2,74 | 15.60 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| Frontoparietal NOI Thickness | 2.3 ± 0.02 | 2.2 ± 0.02 | 2.1 ± 0.02 | 2,74 | 17.90 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| Hippocampal Volume (z-scores) | |||||||
| RH hippocampal volume/eTIV | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | −0.8 ± 0.2 | 2,74 | 15.50 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| LH hippocampal volume/eTIV | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | −0.9 ± 0.2 | 2,74 | 20.00 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| Global Cognition (z-scores) | |||||||
| ADAS-Cog Total (inverse) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | −1.2 ± 0.1 | 2,74 | 75.30 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| Memory Composite (z-scores) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −1.1 ± 0.1 | 2,74 | 85.11 | <0.001 | AD<T2DM<HC |
| RAVLT Immediate Recall | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −1.2 ± 0.1 | 2,74 | 65.10 | <0.001 | AD<T2DM<HC |
| RAVLT Delayed Recall | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | −1.1 ± 0.1 | 2,74 | 43.00 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| RAVLT Delayed Recognition | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −1.0 ± 0.2 | 2,73 | 30.30 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| LMS Immediate Recall | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.05 ± 0.1 | −1.0 ± 0.2 | 2,74 | 36.08 | <0.001 | AD<T2DM<HC |
| LMS Delayed Recall | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | −1.0 ± 0.2 | 2,74 | 33.10 | <0.001 | AD<T2DM<HC |
| ADAS-Cog Immediate Recall (inverse) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −1.2 ± 0.1 | 2,73 | 66.60 | <0.001 | AD<T2DM<HC |
| ADAS-Cog Delayed Recognition (inverse) | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | −1.0 ± 0.2 | 2,73 | 19.80 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| Executive Composite (z-scores) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −1.2 ± 0.1 | 2,74 | 60.20 | <0.001 | AD<T2DM<HC |
| DSB Length | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.05 ± 0.2 | −0.7 ± 0.2 | 2,74 | 12.10 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
| DSST | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | −1.2 ± 0.1 | 2,73 | 59.50 | <0.001 | AD<T2DM<HC |
| TMT B-A (inverse) | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | −1.4 ± 0.2 | 2,67 | 50.00 | <0.001 | AD<HC, T2DM |
Gender proportions are shown using Fisher’s exact test. All other results are presented as Mean ± Std error generated from ANOVA. Significant values with p < 0.05 are shown in bold, and are further characterized using Tukey’s HSD to compare means between all three groups.