Table 1.
Examples of pathobionts and inflammatory conditions
| Gut Pathobionts | Inflammatory condition | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteroides fragilis | IBD and colon cancer | Presence of antibiotic resistance genes cepA, cfiA, and nim(A-E) and B. fragilis toxin-mediated pro-carcinogenesis inflammation | 13 |
| Adherent Invasive E. coli (AIEC) | Crohn’s disease | Genetic susceptibility in NOD2, mutation in autophagy genes ATG16L1 and IRGM, and dysbiosis | 14,15 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | Ulcerative colitis | Dysbiosis and inflammation in IL-10 deficient mice | 16 |
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | IBD and colorectal cancer | Dysbiosis and chronic inflammation | 17 |
| Clostridioides difficile | Pseudomembranous colitis | Secretion of toxins TcdA and TcdB mediates disruption of epithelial barrier | 18 |
| Helicobacter hepaticus | Colitis and colon cancer in immunocompromised mice | Th17 mediated inflammation | 19 |
| Segmented filamentous bacteria | Colitis and intestinal inflammation in mice | Th17 mediated inflammation | 20 |
| Helicobacter pylori | Peptic ulcer disease and gastritis | Type IV secreted CagA protein mediated inflammation in host | 21 |
| Proteus mirabilis | Crohn’s disease | Intestinal inflammation through IL-18, Il-1α and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway | 22 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | Colitis in mice; primary sclerosing cholangitis | Pathobiont mediated disruption of epithelial barrier and Th17 mediated inflammation | 23 |
| Prevotellaceae and TM7 | Murine colitis | Perturbation in NLRP6 inflammasome pathway | 24 |
| Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. | Blood stream infection following proliferation in the gut | Broad spectrum antibiotic use downregulates RegIIIγ lectin that kills Gram+ bacteria | 25 |
| Citrobacter rodentium | Murine colitis | Activation of signaling pathways by proteins secreted by type III secretion system | 26 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | Antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis | Enterotoxins tilimycin and tilivalline mediate DNA adducts | 27 |