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Flow chart of the estimation for all-cause mortality and COPD mortality.
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; U5MR, under-5 mortality rate; NMSS, National Mortality Surveillance System; URR, under-reporting rate; 45q15, probability of death for adults aged 15–60 years; 5q0, probability of death for children aged under 5 years; MLTFS, model life table system with flexible standard.
