. 2021 Jan 25;120:106717. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106717

Table 4.

Logistic regression models: Decrease in digital communication.

	Voice calls (N = 2892)				Video calls (N = 2892)				Text messages (N = 2893)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Intercept	0.53	0.80	1.11	0.83	−0.09	0.70	0.67	0.73	0.03	0.96	0.93	1.00
Time of data collection	0.05	0.13	0.05	0.13	0.19	0.11	0.19	0.11	0.38^∗	0.16	0.41^∗	0.16
Sociodemographics
Age	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.02^∗∗∗	0.00	0.02^∗∗∗	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01
Female	0.10	0.14	0.04	0.14	−0.15	0.11	−0.23^∗	0.12	−0.19	0.16	−0.27	0.17
Race and ethnicity
African-American	0.43^∗	0.19	0.45^∗	0.19	0.53^∗∗	0.16	0.55^∗∗∗	0.17	0.60^∗∗	0.22	0.60^∗∗	0.22
Hispanic	0.22	0.19	0.21	0.19	0.25	0.16	0.24	0.17	0.20	0.24	0.14	0.24
Asian	0.78^∗∗	0.28	0.76^∗∗	0.28	0.25	0.29	0.22	0.29	−0.09	0.48	−0.16	0.48
Native American	−0.46	0.61	−0.46	0.61	0.05	0.42	0.04	0.43	0.62	0.49	0.60	0.50
Education
Some college	−0.18	0.17	−0.13	0.18	−0.28	0.15	−0.22	0.15	−0.31	0.22	−0.26	0.22
Bachelor's degree or more	−0.82^∗∗∗	0.20	−0.75^∗∗∗	0.20	−0.88^∗∗∗	0.16	−0.79^∗∗∗	0.16	−0.68^∗∗	0.23	−0.59^∗	0.23
Household income (log)	−0.25^∗∗∗	0.08	−0.23^∗∗	0.08	−0.26^∗∗∗	0.07	−0.22^∗∗	0.07	−0.31^∗∗	0.09	−0.26^∗∗	0.09
Employed	0.07	0.15	0.11	0.15	0.17	0.13	0.23	0.13	−0.06	0.18	0.01	0.18
Metropolitan status
Rural	−0.06	0.18	−0.09	0.18	0.01	0.15	−0.03	0.15	0.07	0.22	−0.01	0.22
Suburban	−0.19	0.15	−0.18	0.15	−0.03	0.13	−0.01	0.13	0.09	0.18	0.08	0.18
Living arrangements and in-person experiences
Living alone	0.14	0.18	0.12	0.18	−0.08	0.14	−0.12	0.14	−0.29	0.19	−0.32	0.19
Child(ren) in household	−0.11	0.16	−0.10	0.16	−0.17	0.14	−0.16	0.15	−0.39	0.22	−0.40	0.22
Going out for any social activity	−0.27	0.17	−0.26	0.17	−0.29^∗	0.14	−0.29^∗	0.15	0.06	0.19	0.05	0.19
Internet experiences and skills
Frequent Internet use			−0.21	0.23			−0.26	0.19			−0.49^∗	0.24
Internet skills			−0.20^∗∗	0.06			−0.26^∗∗∗	0.05			−0.28^∗∗∗	0.07
Worrying about Internet access			0.02	0.20			0.09	0.17			0.43^∗	0.22

Nagelkerke R²	0.05		0.06		0.09		0.10		0.07		0.09

	Email (N = 2892)				Social media (N = 2892)				Online games (N = 2890)
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Intercept	−0.32	0.77	0.73	0.80	−0.87	0.81	0.13	0.84	−1.43^∗	0.65	−0.68	0.67
Time of data collection	0.09	0.13	0.08	0.13	0.36^∗∗	0.13	0.39^∗∗	0.13	0.11	0.10	0.11	0.10
Sociodemographics
Age	0.00	0.00	−0.01^∗	0.00	0.02^∗∗∗	0.00	0.02^∗∗∗	0.00	0.03^∗∗∗	0.00	0.02^∗∗∗	0.00
Female	0.09	0.13	−0.02	0.13	−0.01	0.13	−0.09	0.13	0.07	0.10	−0.01	0.10
Race and ethnicity
African-American	0.57^∗∗	0.17	0.62^∗∗∗	0.18	0.24	0.20	0.25	0.20	0.55^∗∗∗	0.15	0.58^∗∗∗	0.15
Hispanic	0.29	0.17	0.29	0.18	0.11	0.19	0.06	0.20	0.44^∗∗	0.14	0.41^∗∗	0.15
Asian	−0.36	0.38	−0.39	0.38	0.15	0.32	0.10	0.32	0.29	0.24	0.25	0.25
Native American	−1.05	0.73	−1.05	0.73	−0.55	0.61	−0.63	0.61	−0.05	0.40	−0.06	0.40
Education
Some college	−0.29	0.17	−0.21	0.17	−0.24	0.18	−0.18	0.18	−0.19	0.14	−0.12	0.14
Bachelor's degree or more	−0.96^∗∗∗	0.19	−0.83^∗∗∗	0.19	−0.23	0.17	−0.14	0.17	−0.22	0.13	−0.13	0.13
Household income (log)	−0.14	0.07	−0.10	0.07	−0.22^∗∗	0.08	−0.17^∗	0.08	−0.12^∗	0.06	−0.08	0.06
Employed	−0.12	0.14	−0.04	0.14	−0.08	0.15	−0.02	0.15	−0.15	0.11	−0.08	0.11
Metropolitan status
Rural	0.28	0.17	0.23	0.17	0.07	0.17	0.00	0.17	−0.03	0.14	−0.08	0.14
Suburban	0.11	0.14	0.14	0.15	0.03	0.14	0.03	0.15	−0.11	0.11	−0.09	0.11
Living arrangements and in-person experiences
Living alone	0.19	0.17	0.16	0.18	−0.10	0.16	−0.12	0.16	−0.10	0.13	−0.15	0.13
Child(ren) in household	0.01	0.15	0.02	0.15	−0.30	0.17	−0.30	0.17	−0.03	0.13	−0.01	0.13
Going out for any social activity	−0.21	0.16	−0.19	0.16	−0.13	0.16	−0.15	0.16	−0.23	0.13	−0.25	0.13
Internet experiences and skills
Frequent Internet use			−0.26	0.21			−0.65^∗∗	0.20			−0.26	0.17
Internet skills			−0.37^∗∗∗	0.06			−0.27^∗∗∗	0.06			−0.30^∗∗∗	0.05
Worrying about Internet access			0.00	0.19			0.31	0.18			0.34^∗	0.14

Nagelkerke R²	0.06		0.09		0.05		0.08		0.07		0.09

Note. b = unstandardized logistic regression coefficient; SE = standard error. The reference category for race and ethnicity is “White”, for education level “High school or less”, and for metropolitan status “Urban”. ^∗p < .05. ^∗∗p < .01. ^∗∗∗p < .001.