Table 2.
Characteristics of the Population by Symptomatic Dry Eye Disease and Sex
| Variables | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-SDED (n=100) | SDED | p | No-SDED (n=146) | SDED | p | |
| (n=201) | (n=397) | |||||
| Age (years) | 22.0 ± 3.7 | 22.3 ± 4.1 | 0.617 | 21.3 ± 2.6 | 21.6 ± 3.0 | 0.242 |
| Frequency of alcohol intake | ||||||
| Each year | 10 (38.5%) | 16 (61.5%) | 0.506 | 8 (21.6%) | 29 (78.4%) | 0.733 |
| Each month | 12 (25.5%) | 35 (74.5%) | 15 (28.8%) | 37 (71.2%) | ||
| Every week | 8 (27.6%) | 21 (72.4%) | 13 (32.5%) | 27 (67.5%) | ||
| No alcohol consumption | 70 (35.2%) | 129 (64.8%) | 110 (26.6%) | 304 (73.4%) | ||
| Frequency of smoking | ||||||
| Each month | 4 (33.3%) | 8 (66.7%) | 0.485 | 3 (23.1%) | 10 (76.9%) | 0.573 |
| Every week | 3 (60.0%) | 2 (40.0%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (100%) | ||
| Every day | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0.00%) | ||
| Non-smoker | 93 (32.7%) | 191 (67.3%) | 142 (26.9%) | 386 (73.1%) | ||
| Screen exposure time per day | ||||||
| <3 h | 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) | 0.895 | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 0.655 |
| 3–6 h | 35 (33.3) | 70 (66.7) | 47 (29.6) | 112 (70.4) | ||
| >6 h | 61 (32.8) | 125 (67.2) | 97 (25.7) | 280 (74.3) | ||
| Intermittent Internet rest | ||||||
| <3h | 71 (35.3%) | 130 (64.7%) | 0.076 | 92 (27.5%) | 242 (72.5%) | 0.987 |
| 3–5h | 16 (42.1%) | 22 (57.9%) | 19 (26.0%) | 54 (74.0%) | ||
| >5h | 2 (33.3%) | 4 (66.7%) | 3 (23.1%) | 10 (76.9%) | ||
| No rest | 11 (19.6%) | 45 (80.4%) | 32 (26.0%) | 91 (74.0%) | ||
| Use of blue-light blocking spectacle lenses | ||||||
| Yes | 35 (25.0) | 105 (75.0) | 0.007 | 69 (23.5) | 224 (76.5) | 0.072 |
| No | 65 (40.4) | 96 (59.6) | 77 (30.8) | 173 (69.2) | ||
| Use of screen light filter | ||||||
| Yes | 45 (42.1) | 62 (57.9) | 0.022 | 49 (29.2) | 119 (70.8) | 0.486 |
| No | 55 (28.4) | 139 (71.6) | 97 (25.9) | 278 (74.1) | ||
| Display brightness | ||||||
| Dull | 9 (50.0) | 9 (50.0) | 0.025 | 15 (30.6) | 34 (69.4) | 0.103 |
| Very dull | 50 (38.5) | 80 (61.5) | 81 (31.0) | 180 (69.0) | ||
| Bright | 39 (29.1) | 95 (70.9) | 46 (21.7) | 166 (78.3) | ||
| Very bright | 2 (10.5) | 17 (89.5) | 4 (19.0) | 17 (81.0) | ||
| Display viewing distance | ||||||
| < 40 cm | 46 (34.3) | 88 (65.7) | 0.518 | 85 (24.6) | 261 (75.4) | 0.222 |
| 40–76 cm | 50 (31.4) | 109 (68.6) | 56 (30.4) | 128 (69.6) | ||
| >76 cm | 4 (50.0) | 4 (50.0) | 5 (38.5) | 8 (61.5) | ||
| Room lighting | ||||||
| Dark | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0.231 | 2 (16.7) | 10 (83.3) | 0.79 |
| Low light | 25 (35.2) | 46 (64.8) | 26 (24.8) | 79 (75.2) | ||
| Illuminated | 68 (35.4) | 124 (64.6) | 95 (27.5) | 250 (72.5) | ||
| Very illuminated | 6 (18.2) | 27 (81.8) | 23 (28.4) | 58 (71.6) | ||
| Most used device: | ||||||
| Phone | 53 (34.4%) | 101 (65.6%) | 0.886 | 90 (30.8%) | 202 (69.2%) | 0.082 |
| PC or laptop | 46 (32.2%) | 97 (67.8%) | 54 (22.1%) | 190 (77.9%) | ||
| Tablet | 1 (25.0%) | 3 (75.0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 4 (66.7%) | ||
| Television | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (100%) | ||
| PIU | ||||||
| Controlled | 92 (37.1) | 156 (62.9) | 0.003 | 132 (28.0) | 340 (72.0) | 0.188 |
| Uncontrolled | 8 (15.1) | 45 (84.9) | 14 (19.7) | 57 (80.3) | ||
Note: Data shown as mean ± SD or absolute frequency (%).
Abbreviations: PIU, problematic internet use; SDED, symptomatic dry eye disease.