Fig. 5.

Lobeglitazone (LGZ) and rosiglitazone (RGZ) inhibit cell migration, invasion, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) protein expression induced by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells. (A) Wound healing cell migration assay shows that LGZ and RGZ inhibit PTC cell migration induced by TGF-β1. Left: representative images of scratched and recovering wounded areas at 0 and 24 hours. Right: quantitative analysis of the rate of wound closure. Cells treated with LGZ and RGZ show significantly lower migration ability than those treated with TGF-β1 (20 ng/mL). (B) Cells are trypsinized and plated in the Matrigel-coated transwell chambers to evaluate invasion. Left: representative images of PTC cells following different treatments at 24 hours. Right: quantitative analysis of the invasive cell number. Cells treated with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) ligands show significantly lower invasion ability than those treated with TGF-β1. (C) Protein expression level of MMP-2 in PTC cells treated with TGF-β1 in the presence or absence of PPAR-γ ligands. Relative protein expression rate isnormalized using β-actin as a loading control. Data are expressed as mean±standard error of the mean for three experiments. Statistical analysis is performed using the Student’s t test, P values are indicated in each panel. ^aP<0.05 vs. control; ^bP<0.05 vs. TGF-β1-treated.