Table 5.

Intention-to-treat (ITT) effects on material investments, time investments, and parenting skills.

ITT Effects	Point Estimate	Std. Error	p-value	FDR q-value
Panel A: Parental material investments (n = 1200)
Number of play material sources	0.112	0.052	0.033	0.105
Number of play material varieties	0.076	0.049	0.123	0.197
Number of picture books	0.128	0.052	0.016	0.105
Number of play materials	0.027	0.056	0.628	0.458
Number of books (except picture books)	0.045	0.047	0.343	0.328
Number of magazines and newspapers	0.045	0.051	0.380	0.328
Material investment factor	0.089*	0.046	0.056
Panel B: Parental time investments (n = 1200)
Read or look at picture books with child	0.303***	0.061	0.000	0.001
Tell stories to child	0.214***	0.053	0.000	0.001
Sing songs with child	0.172***	0.063	0.008	0.008
Play with child with toys	0.061	0.062	0.329	0.166
Spend time with child naming things, counting, or drawing	0.047	0.051	0.355	0.166
Time investment factor	0.246***	0.062	0.000
Panel C: Parenting skills (n = 1200)
Caregiver feels duty to help baby understand the world	0.007	0.047	0.876	0.213
Caregiver finds it important to play with baby	0.158**	0.057	0.007	0.010
Caregiver knows how to play with baby	0.149**	0.058	0.012	0.012
Caregiver finds it important to read stories to baby	0.166***	0.057	0.004	0.009
Caregiver knows how to read stories to baby	0.182***	0.056	0.002	0.009
Parenting skill factor	0.220***	0.055	0.000

Note. Each row corresponds to an independent regression, and all regressions control county fixed effects and corresponding baseline material investments, time investments, or parenting skills measures. All outcomes are standardized by the distribution of the control group. OLS coefficient estimates are reported, with standard errors clustered at the village level.

*p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01