Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author & Year | Study Design | Type of Questionnaire used/Measures | Type of Participants (%) | City/state of study | Depression% | Anxiety% | Stress% | Result/conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rehman U et al., 202117 | Online survey n = 403 | Family Affluence Scale Response Accuracy Scale Depression Anxiety Stress Scale |
Students (34.4%) Teachers (12.6%) Researchers (7.6%) Mental health professionals (8.4%) Health professionals (Doctors and Nurses) (8.1%) Corporate job workers (8.6%) |
Not mentioned | NA | NA | NA | Among various professional's health care professionals were found to have more depression, anxiety and stress. |
| George C.E et al., 202018 | Mixed methods survey n = 87 | Mixed methods research with a quantitative (QUAN)design Paradigm nested in the primary qualitative (QUAL) design |
Doctors (31.3%) Nurses (21.9%) Allied health Professionals (15.6%) Field staff (21.9%) Others (9.3%) |
Bangalore | NA | 73.4% | 62.5% | Fear of getting infection to their family, fear of death, and exhaustion were the main reason for stress among HCW |
| Shetty A et al., 202019 | Questionnaire-based online survey n = 405 | Validated questionnaire (seventeen questions divided into two sections first regarding the demographic data of the dentists and the second comprised of questions that aimed to assess anxiety levels and attitudes toward COVID-19 and the subsequent infection control practices in dentistry.) | Dentists | Not mentioned | NA | NA | NA | Age of the dental clinicians was found to be a positive factor and directly proportional to a high anxiety score. The response scores of anxieties in this study indicate greater psychological pressure on the dentists due to uncertainty of progression of the pandemic |
| Suryavanshi N et al., 202020 | Structured online survey n = 197 | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD‐7) questionnaire ne‐item quality of life (QoL‐1) visual analogue scale multiple‐choice question by Shwu‐Hua Lee in Taiwan during the SARS outbreak |
Para clinical (13%) Resident/intern (29%) Nurse (24%) Physician (34%) |
Maharashtra | 22% | 29% | NA | Most of the HCW reported of having high anxiety, depression, and low quality of life (QOL). Work stress was found to be a factor for increased anxiety, depression, and low QOL. |
| Sil A et al., 202021 | Cross-sectional study n = 41 | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) Perceived Stress Scale(PSS) |
Dermatologists | Not mentioned | 26.82% | NA | 29.2% | Long working time and lack of proper rest due to posting in COVID-positive ward shows a high prevalence of stress among HCW. those who were away from family also showed similar result. |
| Saraswathi I et al., 202022 | Prospective longitudinal study n = 217 | Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 Items (DASS21) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index self-administered questionnaire |
Undergraduate medical students | Not mentioned | 35.5% | 33.2% | 24.9% | Because of the CoV-19 outbreak and quarantine, stress and anxiety levels shown to be increased in HCW, and depression symptoms remained unaltered |
| Das A et al., 202023 | A cross-sectional, observational study n = 422 | Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) |
Doctors | North: New Delhi; West: Nagpur, Maharashtra; and South: Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala East: Kolkata, West Bengal; |
63.5% | NA | 45% | Long working hours and staying away from families reported to have a significant role in high-stress levels. Unmarried doctors showed high stress levels. |
| Dhingra V et al., 202024 | n = 231 | Psychological Well Being (PWB) Scale PSS Subjective Happiness Scale. |
Physicians (44.1%) Nurses (35%) Paramedical staff (20.7%) |
Northern India | NA | NA | NA | The findings show that perceived stress has a considerable impact on psychological well-being, with subjective happiness serving as a mediating factor. Physicians' and health-care employees' psychological well-being is completely mediated by subjective happiness. |
| Sharma R et al., 202025 | Questionnaire-based observational cross-sectional study n = 200 | 21-item depression anxiety stress scale (DASS scale) | HCWs working in a tertiary care unit | Not mentioned | 72% | 85% | 82% | HCW shows high DASS score than administrative staff. Staying away from family, and children, and fear of transition of infection to family members contributed to factors that increased the DASS score. |
| Bansal A et al., 202026 n = 112 | Cross-sectional study | Screening Questionnaire for Disaster Mental Health | HCW (Faculty, postgraduate students, nursing, and paramedical staff) | Jaipur | 94.6% | NA | 94.6% | Front line health care workers in the hospital at the time of COVID-19 showed post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. |
| Bajaj J et al., 202027 | Cross-sectional survey n = 51 | 26-item self-administered Questionnaire | All level doctors of all specialties in Mumbai | Mumbai | NA | NA | NA | Medical doctors interfering with CoV-19 confirmed patients are at high risk of getting infected and that caused a major impact on the physical and psychological health of medical doctors |
| Gupta S et al., 202028 | Cross sectional survey n = 749 | Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) | Doctors at Armed Forces across India | Not mentioned | 28.2% | 35.2% | NA | Anxiety and depression symptoms were increased among armed forces doctors at the time of CoV-19. The risk factors were young age group, non-clinical specialities, female gender, and having doctoral degree |
| Chatterjee S.S et al., 202029 | Cross-sectional, observational study n = 152 | Semi-structured pro forma, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21. (DASS)-21 | Doctors in West Bengal | West Bengal. | 34.9% | 39.5% | 32.9% | Duty time, using personal protective instruments and altruistic coping are factors that contributed to increase level of stress anxiety, and depression. |
| Sahu D et al., 202030 | Online anonymous survey n = 611 | The survey consisted of 3 mandated demographic questions and 10 other optional question | Orthopaedic surgeons | Not mentioned | NA | NA | 63% | Among orthopaedic surgeons, the young age group showed more stressed out because of imbalance in life and uncertainty on returning to work. |
| Nair A.K.R et al., 202031 | Online survey n = 586 | COVID-19 Peri-traumatic Distress Index and Perceived stress scale | Indian endodontists | Not mentioned | NA | NA | 80% | In the time of COVID-19 related lockdown 1-in- 2 endodontists had distressed and 4-in-5 had perceived stress. Among them, female endodontists had more perceived stress than males. |
| Grover R et al., 202032 | Cross-sectional survey | DASS −21 questionnaire n = 144 | Ophthalmologists in India | Not mentioned | 53% | 52% | 14% | All of the ophthalmologists (64.2%) suffered from mental health problems. Among them, 52.7 had depression and anxiety and 14% had stress. Above 40 years old with more than 10 of experience showed high stress. |
| Nathiya D et al., 202133 | Descriptive quantitative cross-sectional, web-based study n = 418 | Impact of event scale-revised Connor-Davidson resilience scale The professional quality of life Feelings of health care worker during COVID-19 outbreak was assessed by the adapted questionnaire by Cai H et al. in a Chinese study |
Healthcare workers from different departments of hospital | Not mentioned | NA | NA | NA | Female nurses and doctors employed in the emergency division were reported to have high risk of psychological distress. |
| Khanna RC et al., 202034 | Online survey | PHQ-9 n = 2355 | Ophthalmologists | Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat. | 32.6% | NA | NA | Ophthalmologists of younger age, female and those who not practice shows significantly high depression. |
| Nanjundaswamy MH et al., 202035 | Survey n = 106 | Questionnaire on stress and anxiety during CoV-19 pandemic | Junior and senior psychiatry resident doctors | South India | NA | 35% | NA | Among psychiatry trainees, 29% reported afraid to go home and 13% feared of stigma, 35% had anxiety, loneliness, and sadness |
| Podder I et al., 202036 | Web‐based cross‐sectional study n = 384 | Stress assessment (Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) | Dermatologists (37.5%) and other physicians (62.5%) | Across Eastern India | NA | NA | 85.9% | Perceived stress was higher in non-dermatologists than dermatologists. Also, high perceived stress was seen in females and unmarried doctors. Fear of getting the infection, fear of transferring the infection to family and co-workers, and lack of protective instruments were the cause of increased stress |
| Mishra S et al., 202037 | Cross-sectional online questionnaire-based survey n = 1253 | PSS | Dentists | Chhattisgarh | NA | NA | 79.24% | Among dental professionals the PSS score were increased during CoV-19 pandemic. The main risk factor identified was they can't touch their family members because of the prolonged working hours |
| Pandey U et al., 202038 | Cross-sectional survey n = 83 | Depression—PHQ-9 Anxiety GAD-7 scale |
Medical students and junior doctors of the Obstetrics and Gynaecology department | Varanasi | 7.3% | 9.8% | NA | Female gender reported high anxiety and depression than male. Direct contact with Cov-19 patient not affected doctors psychologically |
| Gupta S et al., 202039 | Prospective study n = 1124 | Questions about the COVID-19 pandemic Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale |
Doctors (0.8%) Nurses (18.4%) Paramedics (12%) Administrators (2.04%) Supporting staff members (0.88%) |
Not mentioned | 31.4% | 37.2% | NA | Prevalence of anxiety and depression was reported as 37.2% and 31.4% respectively. Following were reported as risk factors of anxiety female, age group between 20 and 35 years, unmarried. Risk factors of depression were age group and employment at primary care hospital. |