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. 2021 Nov 3;11:21583. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00570-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A wildtype adult H. pulcherrimus seen from the dorsal (aboral) surface (A). Bindin-null adults (B and C) are indistinguishable from the wildtype adults, and throughout their developmental progression to this point (not shown). Wildtype sperm activate eggs within moments of exposure, resulting in formation of the fertilization envelop (D). In contrast, Bindin-null sperm never activate an egg, even after prolonged exposure (E). See also Video S1 in the Supplemental Material. Scale bar in C = 1 cm for A–C; Scale bar in E = 40 µm for D and E.