Table 1.
General characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | Total participants | COVID-19 participants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 | Control | P-value | Severe morbidity | Mild morbidity | P-value | |
| Total number (n, %) | 8,070 (100.0) | 32,280 (100.0) | 569 (100.0) | 7,501 (100.0) | ||
| Age (years old) (n, %) | 1.000 | < 0.001* | ||||
| 0–9 | 81 (1.0) | 324 (1.0) | 6 (1.1) | 75 (1.0) | ||
| 10–19 | 276 (3.4) | 1,104 (3.4) | 6 (1.1) | 270 (3.6) | ||
| 20–29 | 2,057 (25.5) | 8,228 (25.5) | 31 (5.5) | 2,026 (27.0) | ||
| 30–39 | 832 (10.3) | 3,328 (10.3) | 25 (4.4) | 807 (10.8) | ||
| 40–49 | 1,036 (12.8) | 4,144 (12.8) | 30 (5.3) | 1,006 (13.4) | ||
| 50–59 | 1,567 (19.4) | 6,268 (19.4) | 71 (12.5) | 1,496 (19.9) | ||
| 60–69 | 1,199 (14.9) | 4,796 (14.9) | 116 (20.4) | 1,083 (14.4) | ||
| 70–79 | 617 (7.7) | 2,468 (7.7) | 118 (20.7) | 499 (6.7) | ||
| 80 + | 405 (5.0) | 1,620 (5.0) | 166 (29.2) | 239 (3.2) | ||
| Sex (n, %) | 1.000 | < 0.001* | ||||
| Male | 3,236 (40.1) | 12,944 (40.1) | 306 (53.8) | 2,930 (39.1) | ||
| Female | 4,834 (59.9) | 19,336 (59.9) | 263 (46.2) | 4,571 (60.9) | ||
| Income (n, %) | 1.000 | < 0.001* | ||||
| 1 (low) | 2,836 (35.1) | 11,344 (35.1) | 185 (32.5) | 2,651 (35.3) | ||
| 2 | 3,325 (41.2) | 13,300 (41.2) | 211 (37.1) | 3,114 (41.5) | ||
| 3 (high) | 1,909 (23.7) | 7,636 (23.7) | 173 (30.4) | 1,736 (23.1) | ||
| CCI score (n, %) | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | ||||
| 0 | 6,518 (80.8) | 29,539 (91.5) | 264 (46.4) | 6,254 (83.4) | ||
| 1 | 889 (11.0) | 1,416 (4.4) | 134 (23.6) | 755 (10.1) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 663 (8.2) | 1,325 (4.1) | 171 (30.1) | 492 (6.6) | ||
| Asthma (n, %) | 704 (8.7) | 2,613 (8.1) | 0.066 | 86 (15.1) | 618 (8.2) | < 0.001* |
| COPD (n, %) | 264 (3.3) | 883 (2.7) | 0.001* | 55 (9.7) | 209 (2.8) | < 0.001* |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 1,657 (20.5) | 6,428 (19.9) | 0.214 | 275 (48.3) | 1,382 (18.4) | < 0.001* |
| Previous 1–14 days (n, %) | ||||||
| Influenza | 27 (0.3) | 20 (0.1) | < 0.001* | 6 (1.1) | 21 (0.3) | 0.003* |
| URI | 1,442 (17.9) | 1,003 (3.1) | < 0.001* | 108 (19.0) | 1,333 (17.8) | 0.506 |
| Previous 1–30 days (n, %) | ||||||
| Influenza | 32 (0.4) | 48 (0.2) | < 0.001* | 7 (1.2) | 25 (0.3) | 0.006* |
| URI | 1,741 (21.6) | 1,741 (5.4) | < 0.001* | 119 (20.9) | 1,622 (21.6) | 0.691 |
| Previous 1–90 days (n, %) | ||||||
| Influenza | 146 (1.8) | 229 (0.7) | < 0.001* | 14 (2.5) | 132 (1.8) | 0.227 |
| URI | 2,694 (33.4) | 5,130 (15.9) | < 0.001* | 177 (31.1) | 2,517 (33.6) | 0.233 |
CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; upper respiratory tract infection, URI; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SD, standard deviation.
*Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Significance at P < 0.05.
†Independent t test. Significance at P < 0.05.