Table 2.
Crude and adjusted odds ratios of influenza and URI (previous 1–14, 1–30, and 1–90 days) for COVID-19 infection in all participants.
| Characteristics | COVID-19 (exposure/total, %) | Control (exposure/total, %) | ORs (95% confidence interval) for COVID-19 | E-value (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude† | P-value | Model 1†‡ | P-value | Model 2†§ | P-value | ||||
| Previous 1–14 days | |||||||||
| Influenza | 27/8,070 (0.3%) | 20/32,280 (0.1%) | 5.62 (3.16–9.98) | < 0.001* | 5.37 (3.01–9.60) | < 0.001* | 3.07 (1.61–5.85) | 0.001* | 5.59 (2.60–11.18) |
| URI | 1,441/8,070 (17.9%) | 1,003/32,280 (3.1%) | 6.82 (6.26–7.43) | < 0.001* | 7.00 (6.42–7.62) | < 0.001* | 6.95 (6.38–7.58) | < 0.001* | 13.38 (12.24–14.64) |
| Previous 1–30 days | |||||||||
| Influenza | 32/8,070 (0.4%) | 48/32,280 (0.1%) | 2.68 (1.71–4.19) | < 0.001* | 2.46 (1.56–3.87) | < 0.001* | 1.18 (0.72–1.91) | 0.510 | 1.00 (1.00–1.67) |
| URI | 1,741/8,070 (21.6%) | 1,741/32,280 (5.4%) | 4.87 (4.53–5.23) | < 0.001* | 5.00 (4.65–5.38) | < 0.001* | 4.99 (4.64–5.37) | < 0.001* | 9.45 (8.75–10.21) |
| Previous 1–90 days | |||||||||
| Influenza | 146/8,070 (1.8%) | 229/32,280 (0.7%) | 2.60 (2.10–3.20) | < 0.001* | 2.52 (2.04–3.12) | < 0.001* | 1.91 (1.54–2.37) | < 0.001* | 3.23 (2.45–4.17) |
| URI | 2,694/8,070 (33.4%) | 5,130/32,280 (15.9%) | 2.68 (2.54–2.84) | < 0.001* | 2.73 (2.58–2.89) | < 0.001* | 2.70 (2.55–2.86) | < 0.001* | 4.84 (4.54–5.17) |
*Conditional logistic regression model, Significance at P < 0.05.
†Stratified model for age, sex and income.
‡Model 1 was adjusted for CCI scores, asthma, COPD, and hypertension.
§Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus influenza and URI.