Fig. 3.

Biosynthetic pathways of Vitis vinifera in producing major bioactives as a result of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Resveratrol is produced directly from the substrate 4-Coumaryl-CoA by stilbene synthase enzyme. The pathway metabolites such as flavonols, isoflavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins are produced by the substrate 4-Coumaryl-CoA after several enzymatic reactions (Bonghi et al., 2012; https://pmn.plantcyc.org).