Table 1.
Extraction and analysis of bioactives in grapes.
| Compounds identified | Derivative | Matrix | Method of extraction | Method of analysis | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hydroxybenzoic acids 1. Gallic acid |
Seed flours | NA | HPLC | Lutterodt et al. (2011) | |
| Methyl gallate | Seed extracts(V. vinifera) | Ultrafilteration clean-up procedure | RP-HPLC-PAD-MS | Prodanov et al. (2013) | |
| Whole fruit and Seed extracts(V. vinifera) | Ultrafilteration clean-up procedure | RP-HPLC-PAD-MS HPLC-DAD-MS |
Ivanova et al., 2011, Prodanov et al., 2013 | ||
| 2. Ellagic acid | Protocatechuic aldehyde | Seed extracts(V. vinifera) | Ultrafilteration clean-up procedure | RP-HPLC-PAD-MS | Prodanov et al. (2013) |
| 3. Protocatechuic acid | Not known | Solid-phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) | Colombo et al. (2020) | |
| 4. Vanillic acid | Berry extract | Ultrafilteration clean-up | HPLC- DAD | Eyduran et al. (2015) | |
| 5. Syringic acid | Berry extract | Ultrafilteration clean-up | HPLC- DAD | Eyduran et al. (2015) | |
|
Cinnamic acid derivatives 1. Caftaric acid |
Juice and wine | NA | RP-HPLC/DAD | da Silva Padilha et al. (2017) | |
| Skin, seeds and flesh of hybrid cultivar | SPE | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Rebello et al. (2013) | ||
| 2. Caffeic acid | Esters of caffeic acid | Skin, seeds and flesh of hybrid cultivar | SPE | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Rebello et al. (2013) |
| Coumaryl-glucose | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| 3. p-Coumaric acid | Esters of p-coumaric acid | Skin, seeds and flesh of hybrid cultivar | SPE | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Rebello et al. (2013) |
| Not known | Solid-phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) | Colombo et al. (2020) | ||
| 4. Ferulic acid | Berry extract | Ultrafilteration clean-up | HPLC- DAD | Eyduran et al. (2015) | |
| Flavonols | Flavonols/flavonol glucosides | Grape pomace | EtOH | HPLC-DAD | Amico et al. (2008) |
| Quercetin-3-glucuronide | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| 1. Quercetin | Seed flours | NA | HPLC | Lutterodt et al. (2011) | |
| Quercetin 3-glucoside | Skin, seeds and flesh of hybrid cultivar | SPE | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Rebello et al. (2013) | |
| 2. Rutin | Myricetin-3-glucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Perez-Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 |
| 3. Myricetin | Myricetin 3-glucuronide | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Perez-Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 |
| Skin, seeds and flesh of hybrid cultivar | SPE | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Rebello et al. (2013) | ||
| 4. Isorhamnetin | 4 flavan-3-ols | Skin and seed extract | NA | HPLC-DAD | Muñoz et al. (2008) |
| Flavan-3-ols | Flavan-3-ol monoglucosides | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 |
| Galloylated flavan-3-ol dimers | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| Not known | Solid-phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) | Colombo et al. (2020) | ||
| Galloylated and non-glalloylated flavan-3-ols | Grape pomace | NA | Capillary electrophoresis, HPLC-DAD-MSn, LC-ESI-FTICR-MS | Rockenbach et al. (2012) | |
| 1.Catechin | Seed flours | NA | HPLC | Lutterodt et al. (2011) | |
| Seeds | Infrared-assisted extraction (IRAE) | HPLC | Cai et al. (2011) | ||
| Skin, seeds and flesh of hybrid cultivar | SPE | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Rebello et al. (2013) | ||
| Wines and musts | NA | HPLC | Gürbüz et al. (2007) | ||
| Catechin gallate | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| Epicatechin gallate | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Perez-Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| 2. Epicatechin | Epicatechin gallate | Seed flours | NA | HPLC | Lutterodt et al. (2011) |
| Seeds | Infrared-assisted extraction (IRAE) | HPLC | Cai et al. (2011) | ||
| Wines and musts | NA | HPLC | Gürbüz et al. (2007) | ||
| Juice and wine | NA | RP-HPLC/DAD | da Silva Padilha et al. (2017) | ||
|
Flavanones 1. Naringenin |
Not known | Solid-phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) | Colombo et al. (2020) | |
| Grape pomace | EtOH | HPLC-DAD | Amico et al. (2008) | ||
|
Anthocyanins and anthocyanidins 1. Cyanidin |
Anthocyanins | Skin and seed extract | NA | HPLC-DAD | Muñoz et al. (2008) |
| wine grape varieties (V. vinifera) and 1 hybrid variety | NA | HPLC-DAD-MS | Fraige et al. (2014) | ||
| Grape (V. vinifera) pomace | Ultrasonication with acidified MeOH | Semi-preparative HPLC, HPLC-DAD-MS/MS |
Zhao et al. (2020) | ||
| Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | ||
| Cyanidin 3-(6″-Coumaroyl)-glucoside | Skin of Muscadine grapes | NA | HPLC-ESI-MS | Huang et al. (2009) | |
| Cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| 2. Malvidin | Malvidin-3-glucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 |
| Malvidin-3,5-diglucoside | Skin of Muscadine grapes | NA | HPLC-ESI-MS | Huang et al. (2009) | |
| Malvidin 3,5-diglucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| Delphinidin3-glucoside | Skin of Muscadine grapes | NA | HPLC-ESI-MS | Huang et al. (2009) | |
| 3. Delphinidin | Delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 |
| Delphinidin 3-(6″-acetyl)-glucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| Delphinidin 3-(6″-caffeoyl)-glucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | |
| Delphinidin 3-(6″-coumaroyl)-glucoside | |||||
| Skin of Muscadine grapes | NA | HPLC-ESI-MS | Huang et al. (2009) | ||
| 4. Pelargonidin | Peonidin 3,5-diglucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 |
| 5. Peonidin | Petunidin 3-glucoside | Skin of Muscadine grapes | NA | HPLC-ESI-MS | Huang et al. (2009) |
| 6. Petunidin | Petunidin 3,5-diglucoside | Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Perez-Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 |
| Petunidin 3-(6″-acetyl)-glucoside | |||||
| Wine | Laser-induced electrochemical sensor | Zhang et al. (2020) | |||
|
Stilbenes 1. t-Resveratrol |
Trans and cis isomers of resveratrol dimers | Wine grapes | NA | HPLC/MSn, HPLC/DAD-UV | Kong et al. (2011) |
| Grape skin of V. vinifera | Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with ethanol | HPLC | Pascual-Martı et al. (2001) | ||
| Wines and musts | NA | HPLC | Gürbüz et al. (2007) | ||
| Skin and seeds (V. vinifera) | Solid phase extraction (SPE) | HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS | Pérez-Navarro et al., 2019 | ||
| Seed flours | NA | HPLC | Lutterodt et al. (2011) | ||
| 2. t-Piceid | Procyanidin B1, B2 | Seeds | Infrared-assisted extraction (IRAE) | HPLC | Cai et al. (2011) |
| Proanthocyanidins | Procyanidin B1, B2 | Seed extracts(V. vinifera) | Ultrafilteration clean-up procedure | RP-HPLC-PAD-MS | Prodanov et al. (2013) |
| Procyanidin B2 | Seed extracts | NA | HPLC | Kuhnert et al. (2015) | |
| Procyanidin dimmers (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6), procyanidin trimer, procyanidin tetramer | Seed extracts(V. vinifera) | Ultrafilteration clean-up procedure | RP-HPLC-PAD-MS | Prodanov et al. (2013) | |
| Monomeric flavan-3-ols, dimeric, polymeric, pentameric proanthocyanidins | Seeds of Cabernet Sauvignon | NA | Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and Q-TOF-MS | Ma et al. (2018) | |
| Flavan-3-ol monomers | Seed extracts(V. vinifera) | Ultrafilteration clean-up procedure | RP-HPLC-PAD-MS | Prodanov et al. (2013) |