Table 1.
Cord Blood Adipocytokine Concentrations, Whole Body Fat Mass Index, and Cardiometabolic Risk Scores at Age 12 Years According to Covariates among Children from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study (N=166).
| N | Leptin (ng/mL) | N | Adiponectin (μg/mL) |
N | Adiponectin- to-Leptin Ratio |
N | Whole Body Fat Mass Index |
N | Novel CM Risk Score |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 159 | 10 (6, 16) | 166 | 42 (30, 51) | 159 | 4.3 (2.4, 7.1) | 158 | 6.3 (4.7, 8.1) | 135 | 0.1 (2.7) |
| Child Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 87 | 12 (8, 20) | 93 | 42 (33, 51) | 87 | 3.2 (2.1, 5.6) | 89 | 6.5 (5.3, 8.6) | 74 | 0.0 (2.8) |
| Male | 72 | 7 (3, 12) | 73 | 41 (27, 51) | 72 | 5.5 (3.2, 9.5) | 69 | 5.4 (4.4, 7.3) | 61 | 0.2 (2.6) |
| Child Race | ||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 99 | 11 (6, 17) | 104 | 44 (34, 53) | 99 | 4.5 (2.3, 6.9) | 99 | 6.3 (5.0, 7.7) | 84 | −0.1 (2.8) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 50 | 9 (7, 15) | 51 | 36 (26, 50) | 50 | 3.4 (2.4, 6.5) | 49 | 6.3 (4.7, 8.8) | 41 | 0.6 (2.7) |
| Other | 10 | 5 (1, 8) | 11 | 39 (20, 49) | 10 | 7.6 (3.3,14) | 10 | 5.2 (3.8, 8.0) | 10 | −0.4 (1.8) |
| Breastfeeding Duration | ||||||||||
| 0 month | 27 | 9 (4, 15) | 29 | 34 (22, 47) | 27 | 4.3 (2.4, 8.3) | 28 | 6.6 (4.7,11) | 22 | 1.4 (2.8) |
| >0-6 months | 67 | 10 (6, 16) | 68 | 45 (35, 55) | 67 | 4.9 (2.5, 8.2) | 64 | 5.9 (4.6, 7.3) | 58 | −0.4 (2.4) |
| >6 months | 65 | 10 (6, 17) | 69 | 41 (30, 50) | 65 | 4.0 (2.1, 6.5) | 66 | 6.5 (5.0, 8.4) | 55 | 0.1 (2.9) |
| Maternal Age | ||||||||||
| 18-25 Years | 35 | 7 (4, 12) | 35 | 39 (26, 47) | 35 | 5.4 (3.3, 8.6) | 33 | 5.4 (4.5, 8.3) | 28 | −0.2 (2.2) |
| >25-35 Years | 103 | 12 (7, 17) | 108 | 43 (33, 53) | 103 | 3.6 (2.3, 6.8) | 103 | 6.4 (5.0, 8.1) | 87 | 0.1 (2.8) |
| >35 Years | 21 | 8 (7, 12) | 23 | 45 (22, 53) | 21 | 5.4 (2.6, 7.1) | 22 | 5.4 (4.7, 8.0) | 20 | 0.4 (3.3) |
| Maternal Education | ||||||||||
| High School or Less | 29 | 8 (5, 15) | 30 | 38 (22, 55) | 29 | 5.4 (2.4, 7.4) | 28 | 7.1 (5.0, 9.7) | 22 | 1.1 (3.0) |
| Tech School or Some College | 45 | 10 (7, 17) | 48 | 41 (30, 48) | 45 | 3.3 (2.1, 6.8) | 46 | 6.0 (4.5, 7.8) | 42 | −0.3 (2.6) |
| Bachelor's or More | 85 | 11 (6, 15) | 88 | 44 (33, 53) | 85 | 4.9 (2.9, 6.9) | 84 | 6.3 (5.0, 7.8) | 71 | 0.0 (2.7) |
| Pre-Pregnancy BMI | ||||||||||
| <25 | 86 | 8 (4, 13) | 90 | 42 (33, 50) | 86 | 5.4 (3.2, 8.9) | 84 | 5.4 (4.6, 7.2) | 69 | −0.2 (2.6) |
| ≥25-30 | 39 | 12 (7, 17) | 39 | 44 (35, 55) | 39 | 3.4 (2.0, 6.8) | 39 | 6.5 (5.2, 8.6) | 37 | 0.0 (2.7) |
| ≥30 | 34 | 11 (7, 21) | 37 | 41 (24, 53) | 34 | 2.9 (2.1, 4.3) | 35 | 7.4 (5.8,10) | 29 | 1.0 (2.9) |
| Gestational Serum Cotinine Concentrations (ng/ml) | ||||||||||
| <0.015 (Unexposed) | 53 | 11 (4, 15) | 56 | 42 (35, 52) | 53 | 4.9 (2.5, 8.3) | 52 | 6.4 (5.3, 8.2) | 43 | −0.1 (2.6) |
| 0.015-3 (Secondhand) | 91 | 10 (7, 16) | 93 | 43 (30, 51) | 91 | 4.3 (2.5, 6.5) | 89 | 6.0 (4.7, 8.0) | 80 | 0.1 (2.8) |
| >3 (Active Smoker) | 15 | 7 (4, 17) | 17 | 33 (22, 59) | 15 | 3.0 (2.2, 12) | 17 | 6.3 (4.4, 8.6) | 12 | 1.0 (2.5) |
| Parity | ||||||||||
| 0 | 66 | 10 (6, 15) | 70 | 44 (34, 51) | 66 | 4.9 (2.5, 6.9) | 67 | 6.3 (5.1, 8.1) | 56 | −0.3 (2.6) |
| 1 | 55 | 8 (5, 15) | 58 | 43 (33, 52) | 55 | 5.1 (3.1, 8.0) | 54 | 5.8 (4.6, 8.1) | 44 | 0.5 (2.9) |
| ≥2 | 38 | 11 (7, 20) | 38 | 34 (20, 50) | 38 | 2.7 (1.4, 7.1) | 37 | 6.3 (4.9, 8.3) | 35 | 0.2 (2.6) |
All values expressed as Median (25th, 75th); except the CM Risk score, which is expressed as mean (SD)
BMI: body mass index; CM: cardiometabolic; SD: standard deviation; Whole body fat mass index (kg/m2) was calculated as whole body fat mass/ (height*height); Novel CM risk score was the sum of the standardized z-scores for Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, triglyceride to HDL ratio, systolic blood pressure, and visceral fat area.