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. 2021 Oct 21;9:744104. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.744104

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Copyright © 2021 Camacho-Morales, Caba, García-Juárez, Caba-Flores, Viveros-Contreras and Martínez-Valenzuela.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Breastfeeding provides immunological programming in the newborn. (A) Body weight, age, lifestyle, and diet quality influence breast milk composition such as lipid species, microbiota, cytokines, and accumulation of immune cell types. (B) Maternal antibodies, non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMAs), and maternal leucocyte travel through the stomach and intestine of the offspring. Also, maternal immune and stem cells invade the newborn blood leading to maternal microchimerism (MMc) to generate immune tolerance. Finally, microbiota, mRNAi, and exosomes provide immune tolerance by T-cell accumulation in the gut of the offspring. (C) High fat, carbs, and protein diets intake disrupts microbiota composition by promoting Staphylococcus and Bifidobacterium accumulation. Whereas, high fiber, carbs, and protein leads to lactobacillus microbiota. However, the effect of diet during breastfeeding on immune response, MMc, immune tolerance, and offspring microbiota establishment has not been fully determined in humans. NIMAs, non-inherited maternal antigens; MMc, maternal microchimerism. Created by Biorender.