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. 2021 Oct 21;12:769059. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769059

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Innate Immune profile of COVID-19 patients. Frequency and phenotype of granulocytes and other innate immune populations were assessed through multiparametric flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood samples of COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe disease, convalescent COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. (A–C) Representative flow cytometry plots and frequency of granulocyte populations calculated within CD45+ leukocytes. (A) Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and peripheral blood cells (PBMC) gates within CD45+ cells for each subject studied. (B, C) Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils frequency was assessed for each donor. FACS plots show percentages of each population within the PMN gate (neutrophils and eosinophils) or the PBMC gate (basophils) whilst box plots display cell frequency inside the CD45+ population. (D) Plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDCs) frequency within the CD45+ population. (E–G) Frequency of conventional, intermediate and non-conventional monocytes subsets found in peripheral blood samples (E) and the mean fluorescence intensity of HLA-DR (F) and CD86 (G) within the different monocyte subsets. (H) PD-L1 expression levels in neutrophile and monocyte populations of COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. HC = Healthy controls, n = 28; M = COVID-Moderate, n = 29; S = COVID-Severe, n = 37; C = COVID-Convalescent, n = 28. Differences between groups were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparison post-test (*p = 0,05; **p = 0,01; ***p = 0,001; ****p = 0,0001).