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. 2021 Oct 21;12:769059. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769059

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Immune profiling of adaptive immune responses in COVID-19 patients. B and T cell populations were analyzed through multiparametric flow cytometry in peripheral blood samples of COVID-19 patients with moderate and severe disease, convalescent COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. (A) Frequency of B cells within CD45+ leukocytes. (B, C) Representative plots and percentages of plasmablasts populations. (D) SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-specific immunoglobulin levels measured in plasma from COVID-19 patients and healthy controls. (E) Frequency of T cells within CD45+ leukocytes in peripheral blood. (F, G) Representative plots and frequency of activated (F, G) and exhausted (H) populations within the CD8 T cell compartment. (I–K) Frequency of activated (I) exhausted (J) and Th1 equivalents (CCR6-CXCR5+) populations within the CD4 T cell compartment. (L, M) Representative plots and frequency rates of granzyme B+ CD8 T cells. (N) UMAP of flow cytometry data of main leukocyte populations present in PBMC samples with representative images for moderate, severe, and convalescent COVID-19 patients in addition to healthy controls. Key numbers for cell subsets are indicated in the concatenated image. HC = Healthy controls, n = 28; M = COVID-Moderate, n = 29; S = COVID-Severe, n = 37; C = COVID-Convalescent, n = 28. Differences between groups were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparison post-test (*p = 0,05; **p = 0,01; ***p = 0,001, ****p = 0,0001).