Figure 2.

The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2 on the DCs and MQs contributes to the pathogenicity of COVID-19. Most critically ill patients in ICU, who are suffering from ARDS, have high levels of inflammatory cytokines owing to the complex immune dysregulation. Thus, the NAbs can potentially block the interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2 on the cell membrane and thus prevent the entry of the virus and can control viral load. There are supporting evidence suggesting that probiotics affect pulmonary health through gut-lung cross-talk. MAMPs are the microbiota-derived products/metabolites, such as SCFAs that have increased cellular levels of acetyl-CoA, ATP, and lipid biogenesis to drive plasma B cell’s differentiation and induce IgAs and NAbs secration against viral respiratory infections particularly SARS-CoV-2 and modulate immune reactions