Table 3. Operating Conditions, Hydrolysis Extent, and Demineralization and Deproteination Efficiencies for the Different DESs Tested.
| temperature (°C) | processing time (h) | hydrolysis extent (%) | demineralization efficiency (%) | deproteination efficiency (%)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| conventional method | room temperature, 70 | 25 | 90.4 ± 0.4 | 100.0 ± 0.5 | 100.0 ± 0.1 |
| ChCl/malonic acid (1:2) | 50 | 4 | 45.2 ± 10.0 | 47.5 ± 5.7 | 60.5 ± 10.6 |
| 80 | 52.1 ± 10.3 | 57.0 ± 8.4 | 63.9 ± 11.2 | ||
| 130 | 50.8 ± 0.3 | 47.9 ± 1.7 | 83.0 ± 0.3 | ||
| ChCl/malic acid (1:2) | 50 | 29.1 ± 1.2 | 27.3 ± 2.6 | 47.8 ± 1.1 | |
| 80 | 31.3 ± 0.4 | 28.3 ± 2.9 | 54.4 ± 0.4 | ||
| 130 | 65.6 ± 2.0 | 71.3 ± 5.8 | 81.5 ± 2.2 | ||
| ChCl/lactic acid (1:1) | 50 | 32.9 ± 3.1 | 31.4 ± 1.5 | 52.8 ± 3.0 | |
| 80 | 39.6 ± 0.1 | 40.1 ± 4.2 | 57.2 ± 0.1 | ||
| 130 | 65.1 ± 8.9 | 68.0 ± 4.3 | 88.2 ± 9.3 | ||
| ChCl/malonic acid (1:2)|H2O | 50 | 2|0.5 | 77.5 ± 1.7 | 99.7 ± 0.0 | 54.4 ± 2.1 |
| 80 | 78.7 ± 1.8 | 100.0 ± 0.1 | 58.4 ± 2.3 | ||
| 130 | 76.0 ± 3.2 | 92.3 ± 1.4 | 68.2 ± 3.9 | ||
| ChCl/malic acid (1:2)|H2O | 50 | 75.7 ± 1.9 | 99.6 ± 0.9 | 47.0 ± 2.5 | |
| 80 | 76.8 ± 2.8 | 99.9 ± 0.0 | 50.7 ± 3.7 | ||
| 130 | 81.1 ± 1.2 | 99.7 ± 0.8 | 69.5 ± 1.5 | ||
| ChCl/lactic acid (1:1)|H2O | 50 | 72.4 ± 6.4 | 99.3 ± 1.0 | 33.9 ± 8.7 | |
| 80 | 74.3 ± 4.2 | 100.0 ± 0.5 | 40.1 ± 5.7 | ||
| 130 | 85.1 ± 1.3 | 99.6 ± 0.0 | 86.7 ± 1.6 |
a
Includes not only proteins but also other impurities (e.g., fatty acids, pigments).