Table 2.

Socio-demographic, personal, peer and familial variables associated with e-cigarette ever-use in the 2015 & 2019 ESPAD Surveys: multivariable logistic regression

	E-cigarette ever-use (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR), total sample and by gender)
	Total (AOR, 95% CI)	Boys (AOR, 95% CI)	Girls (AOR, 95% CI)
Gender
Male	1
Female	0.99 (0.83, 1.20)	N/A	N/A
ESPAD Year
2015	1	1	1
2019	2.29 (1.89, 2.78)	2.04 (1.55, 2.68)	2.67 (2.02, 3.54)
Ever smoked
No	1	1	1
Yes	1.39 (1.10, 1.75)	1.23 (0.89, 1.71)	1.56 (1.12, 2.18)
Current smoking
No	1	1	1
Yes	1.76 (1.31, 2.38)	2.60 (1.71, 3.93)	1.14 (0.73, 1.79)
Household composition
Single parent	1	1	1
Two parents	0.84 (0.66, 1.08)	0.91 (0.63, 1.30)	0.80 (0.55, 1.15)
Blended families	1.43 (0.93, 2.16)	1.85 (1.02, 3.35)	1.14 (0.61, 2.13)
Parental Monitoring
Know always	1	1	1
Know quite often	1.99 (1.61, 2.46)	1.94 (1.43, 2.62)	2.04 (1.51, 2.75)
Know sometimes	3.12 (2.52, 4.63)	3.15 (2.06, 4.83)	3.68 (2.35, 5.75)
Usually don’t know	3.96 (2.54, 6.18)	5.42 (2.72, 10.79)	3.33 (1.84, 6.03)
Skipping School
None	1	1	1
1–4 days	0.86 (0.67, 1.10)	0.83 (0.58, 1.18)	0.90 (0.64, 1.27)
5 days+	1.56 (0.95, 2.56)	2.17 (1.08, 4.36)	1.07 (0.50, 2.30)
Perceived wealth
About the same	1	1	1
Much better off	1.11 (0.85, 1.45)	1.30 (0.88, 1.91)	0.96 (0.66, 1.40)
Better off	1.01 (0.81, 1.26)	1.31 (0.96, 1.79)	0.80 (0.59, 1.09)
Less well off	1.29 (0.93, 1.78)	0.94 (0.59, 1.51)	1.76 (1.11, 2.78)
Peers who smoke
None	1	1	1
A few/some	2.74 (2.17, 3.45)	3.12 (2.22, 4.38)	2.47 (1.79, 3.41)
Most/all	6.52 (4.66, 9.15)	7.07 (4.33, 11.55)	6.23 (3.87, 10.02)
Maternal relationship
Satisfied	1	1	1
Neither nor	1.65 (1.13, 2.40)	2.22 (1.33, 3.72)	1.55 (0.65, 2.04)
Not satisfied	1.36 (0.98, 1.89)	1.36 (0.85, 2.18)	1.32 (0.83, 2.10)

Bold numbers indicate statistical significance at < .05