Table 2.

Summary of in vivo results showing the periodontal tissue regenerative potential of MSC-CM

Source of CM	Factors in CM	Study model	Route of delivery	Dose	Duration	Outcomes	Refs.
hPDLSCs	Matrix proteins, enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, and angiogenic factors	Rat periodontal defect	Fibrin coated collagen sponge	10 br	4 weeks	Enhances periodontal regeneration	[83]
hPDLSCs and hGMSCs	–	Rat periodontal defect	Collagen scaffolds		1, 2, and 4 weeks	Promotes periodontal regeneration	[84]
hMSCs	IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-1, and HGF	Rat periodontal defect	Collagen sponge	30 ll	2 and 4 weeks	Enhances periodontal regeneration via promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis	[82]
hBMSCs	–	Ectopic transplantation in immunocompromised mice	Dentin block wrapped with hBMSC-CM-treated hPDLSC cell sheet	–	8 weeks	Promotes regeneration of cementum and PDL-like structure	[87]
rAPTGs	–	Ectopic transplantation in immunocompromised mice	PDLSCs (induced by APTG-CM) + CBB	–	6 weeks	Induces development of cementum and PDL-like structure	[48]
rAPTGs	–	Ectopic transplantation in immunocompromised mice	Cell sheet + dentin + CBB	–	8 weeks	Induces development of cementum and PDL-like structure	[85]
dMSCs	IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-β1, and HGF	Critical-size one-wall intrabony mandibular defects in dog	Atelo-collagen sponge	300 μL	4 weeks	Promotes alveolar bone and cementum regeneration	[91]
Cytokine cocktail-mimicking MSC-CM secretomes	IGF-1, VEGF-A, TGF-β1	Class II bifurcation premolar defect in dog	Hydroxypropyl cellulose	100 μL	8 weeks	Induces osteogenesis and cementogenesis	[81]
hMSCs	IGF-1, VEGF, TGF-β1, and HGF	Partially edentulous patients	MSC-CM + PLGA/β-TCP or MSC-C + ACS	3 mL	6 months	Promotes early bone formation and reduces inflammatory cell infiltration	[92]
hMSCs	IGF-1 VEGF TGF-b1	Rabbit bilateral maxillary sinus floor elevation model	β-TCP + MSC-CM	–	2, 4, 8 weeks	Promotes vascularization and early bone regeneration	[101]