Table 3.
Comparison of risk factors, general signs and symptoms, RT-PCR results, ICU admission, assisted ventilation, oxygen therapy, and outcomes in COVID-19 patients with GI or respiratory symptoms
| Variable | Total | GIA (n = 92) | RA (n = 184) | GIR (n = 151) | WGIR (n = 80) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| General signs and symptoms | ||||||
| Fever | 249 (49.1) | 32 (34.8) | 97 (52.7) | 90 (59.6) | 30 (37.5) | < 0.001 |
| Shivering | 78 (15.4) | 4 (4.3) | 28 (15.2) | 30 (19.9) | 16 (20.0) | 0.007 |
| Headache | 46 (9.1) | 11 (12.0) | 13 (7.1) | 21 (13.9) | 1 (1.3) | 0.007 |
| Dizziness | 20 (3.9) | 5 (5.4) | 4 (2.2) | 10 (6.6) | 1 (1.3) | 0.097† |
| Perspiration | 6 (1.2) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.3) | 1 (1.3) | 1.000† |
| Anosmia/ageusia | 36 (7.1) | 2 (2.2) | 15 (8.2) | 16 (10.6) | 3 (3.8) | 0.049 |
| Muscle pain | 126 (24.9) | 19 (20.7) | 46 (25.0) | 39 (25.8) | 22 (27.5) | 0.741 |
| Joint pain | 28 (5.5) | 3 (3.3) | 13 (7.1) | 11 (7.3) | 1 (1.3) | 0.142 |
| Fatigue | 44 (8.7) | 15 (16.3) | 0 (0) | 29 (19.2) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
| Seizure | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (1.3) | 0.297† |
| Lymphadenopathy | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000† |
| Altered consciousness | 2 (0.4) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.115† |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Recent travel | 9 (1.8) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (1.6) | 2 (1.3) | 3 (3.8) | < 0.001† |
| Animal contact | 3 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | < 0.001† |
| Smoking | 38 (7.5) | 10 (10.9) | 12 (6.50 | 16 (10.6) | 0 (0) | 0.016 |
| Opium use | 15 (3.0) | 5 (5.4) | 2 (1.1) | 8 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 0.015† |
| Alcohol consumption | 3 (0.6) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 0.316† |
| RT-PCR results | ||||||
| Positive | 371 (73.2) | 27 (29.3) | 184 (100) | 80 (53.0) | 80 (100) | < 0.001 |
| Negative | 136 (26.8) | 65 (70.7) | 0 (0) | 71 (47.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Assisted ventilation | ||||||
| Noninvasive ventilation | 30 (5.9) | 4 (4.3) | 10 (5.4) | 4 (2.6) | 12 (15.0) | 0.002 |
| Invasive ventilation | 45 (8.9) | 9 (9.8) | 16 (8.7) | 8 (5.3) | 12 (15.0) | 0.102 |
| Measures during hospitalization | ||||||
| ICU admission | 61 (12.0) | 12 (13.0) | 22 (12.0) | 7 (4.6) | 20 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
| Oxygen therapy | 308 (60.7) | 67 (72.8) | 105 (57.1) | 102 (67.5) | 34 (42.5) | < 0.001 |
| Outcome | ||||||
| Death | 57 (11.2) | 13 (14.1) | 20 (10.9) | 9 (6.0) | 15 (18.8) | 0.023 |
| Survival | 450 (88.8) | 79 (85.9) | 164 (89.1) | 142 (94.0) | 65 (81.3) | |
RA respiratory alone, GIA gastrointestinal alone, GIR gastrointestinal and respiratory, WGIR without gastrointestinal or respiratory, N number, RT-PCR reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, ICU intensive care unit
*Analyzed by Chi-squared test
†Analyzed by Fisher’s exact test