Table 1. Summary of the published in vitro and animal studies.

AUTHORS/YEAR OF PUBLICATION/ TYPE OF STUDY	ORIGIN OF MSCs	WNT SIGNALING REGULATION	MECHANISM OF REGULATION	RESULT
Moreira et al.14/2019/ in vitro	Bone marrow	Inhibition of Wnt signaling	DKK1(extracellular inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis
Zhang et al.15/ 2017/ in vitro	Bone marrow	Inhibition of Wnt signaling	miR-410(negatively regulated its target gene, Wnt3a)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis
Huang X. et al.16/ 2018/ in vitro	Bone marrow	Comparison of overexpression with overinhibition of Wnt signaling	BIO (intracellular canonical Wnt agonist, by blocking Gsk-3β) PKF (inhibits Wnt signaling by interfering with the binding of β-catenin to the transcription factor TCF4)	Either an overexpression or overinhibition of Wnt signaling causes harmful effects on MSC chondrogenesis
Huang T. et al.17/2019/ in vitro	Bone marrow	Inhibition of Wnt signaling	miR-26b (inhibitor of the 3’untranslated region of Wnt gene)	Inhibited MSC chondrogenesis
Tanthaisong et al.18/ 2017/ in vitro	Human Wharton's jelly tissue (hWJ-MSCs)	Activation of Wnt signaling	SB216763 or LiCl (Gsk-3β inhibitors acted as intacellular agonists of Wnt signaling)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis
Jothimani et al.19/ 2020/ in vitro	Human umbilical cord (hUCMSCs)	Comparison of Wnt signaling activation with Wnt signaling inhibition	Quercetin (intracellular inhibition of Wnt through disruption of the interaction of β-catenin and Axin-1 ) LiCl (Gsk-3 β inhibitor acted as intacellular agonist of Wnt signaling)	Inhibition of Wnt signaling drove MSCs towards osteogenic lineage
Eslaminejad et al.20/ 2011/ in vitro	Bone marrow	Activation of Wnt signaling	SB216763 or LiCl (Gsk-3β inhibitors acted as intacellular agonists of Wnt signaling)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis
Eslaminejad et al.21/ 2014/ in vitro	Bone marrow	Activation of Wnt signaling	BIO (intracellular canonical Wnt agonist, by blocking Gsk-3β)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis
Yang et al.22/ 2012 / in vitro and in vivo animal study	Bone marrow	Activation of Wnt signaling	LiCl (Gsk-3β inhibitor, acting as intacellular agonist of Wnt signaling)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis
Li et al.24/ 2020/ in vitro	Bone marrow	Activation of Wnt signaling	miR-8485 (Reduction of Gsk-3β expression and activity)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis
Schizas et al.26/ 2019/ in vivo animal study	Bone marrow	Activation of Wnt signaling	LiCl (Gsk-3β inhibitor, acting as intacellular agonist of Wnt signaling)	Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis

The order of study presentation of Table 1 is in accordance to the order of study citation in the text.