Table 3.

Epidemiological associations of automated measures of ILD precursors

Feature associated with automated measures of ILD precursors	Citation(s)
High attenuation areas (HAAs)
Pack-years of smoking	[4]
Lower forced vital capacity (FVC)	[76,82]
All-cause mortality	[76,82]
Hospitalisations from ILD	[83]
ILD-specific mortality	[82,83]
Interstitial lung abnormalities	[76,82]
Exertional dyspnea	[77]
Reduced exercise capacity	[76]
Matrix metalloprotease-7	[76,82]
Interleukin-6	[76,82]
Carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I and amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen	[79]
ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and P-selectin	[41]
Rheumatoid factor IgM and IgA and anti-CCP	[46]
Lower levels of HDL-C and ApoA-1	[80]
Lower levels of adiponectin	[43]
Higher levels of D-dimer	[89]
Pericardial and visceral adipose tissue	[90]
Resistin	[43]
Genetic markers (GNPDA2, ZNF664, FAM101A, PFKP, SAMD4A, GYPC, FUT10, GNPDA2, PFKP, SLC45A, FOXP4, ALCAM)	[78]
Exposure to ambient nitrogen oxides	[26]
Vitamin D deficiency	[47]
Daily rice consumption	[81]
Normal appearing areas of high attenuation
Lower forced expiratory volume (FEV1)	[88]
Reduced exercise capacity	[88]
All-cause mortality	[88]
Higher C-reactive protein	[88]
Higher ICAM-1	[88]
Other objective assessment methods of interstitial changes
Lower FVC, FEV1, and quality of life, increased all-cause mortality and the rs35705950 promoter polymorphism of MUC5B	[85]
ILA and worse disease-free survival among lung-cancer patients	[86]