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. 2021 Nov 3;9(4):e30747. doi: 10.2196/30747

Table 4.

Multivariable logistic regressions model with increased gambling as the outcome of interest (yes vs no).


Increased gambling, odds ratio (95% CI) Increased gambling on horses, odds ratio (95% CI) Increased gambling on casino, odds ratio (95% CI) Increased gambling on poker, odds ratio, (95% CI) Increased gambling on sports, odds ratio (95% CI)
Gender

Female 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

Male 1.46 (0.86-2.48) 0.84 (0.39-1.81) 2.58a (1.09-6.09) 1.51 (0.50-4.59) 2.73a (1.06-7.07)
Age groups (years)

16-24 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

≥25 1.09 (0.48-2.50) 2.09 (0.35-12.52) 0.43 (0.14-1.34) 0.91 (0.18-4.54) 0.67 (0.24-1.88)
Level of education

Primary school 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) b 1.00 (reference)

Secondary school 0.73 (0.27-1.99) 0.80 (0.19-3.47) 1.62 (0.26-9.93) 2.39 (0.46-12.54)

University 1.18 (0.44-3.19) 0.85 (0.20-3.69) 1.69 (0.27-10.43) 2.82 (0.52-15.23)

Other 1.31 (0.27-6.36) 0.72 (0.05-9.64) 2.62 (0.15-45.97) 5.83 (0.38-89.42)
Employment status

Studying 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

Employed 0.61 (0.22-1.69) 0.38 (0.07-2.03) 0.41 (0.09-1.96) 0.49 (0.05-5.00) 0.50 (0.13-1.92)

Unemployed 1.79 (0.62-5.19) 1.59 (0.28-9.11) 2.84 (0.63-12.85) 0.89 (0.10-8.18) 0.86 (0.20-3.62)

Retired 0.64 (0.21-1.98) 0.73 (0.12-4.53) 0.51 (0.04-5.82) 0.79 (0.17-3.81)

Other 2.11 (0.37-12.06) 7.64 (0.70-83.40)
Disposable income

≥SEK 40,000 (US $4657.62) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

SEK 20,000-40,000 (US $2328.81-$4657.62) 0.90 (0.42-1.95) 0.51 (0.19-1.36) 0.59 (0.15-2.33) 1.23 (0.27-5.58) 0.90 (0.28-2.89)

≤SEK 10,000-20,000 (US $1164.40-2328.81) 0.73 (0.26-2.04) 0.30 (0.08-1.21) 0.41 (0.06-2.65) 0.44 (0.04-5.01) 0.84 (0.17-4.09)
Problem Gambling Severity Index

No problem with gambling 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

Certain risk of gambling problems 4.40 (2.17-8.93) 4.01a (1.26-12.81) 4.54a (1.13-18.30) 7.49a (1.52-36.78) 6.14a (2.00-18.92)

Increased risk of gambling problems 12.5a (6.54-24.04) 10.93a (3.88-30.82) 6.02a (1.68-21.56) 3.84 (0.80-18.51) 10.91a (3.71-32.07)

Gambling problems 32.4a (13.77-76.35) 12.64a (3.93-40.68) 26.17a (7.09-96.62) 10.53a (2.24-49.43) 38.81a (11.65-129.28)
Kessler score

Score 0-4; no psychological distress 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

Score 5-24; psychological distress 2.62a (1.39-4.91) 2.06 (0.84-5.07) 4.47a (1.15-17.30) 2.80 (0.69-11.74) 1.09 (0.46-2.57)
Gambling pause

Yes 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

No 1.14 (0.43-3.02) 0.77 (0.22-2.72) 1.66 (0.47-5.94) 0.92 (0.18-4.82) 2.48 (0.69-8.94)
Time at home

Much more 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

Slightly more 0.56 (0.30-1.04) 0.86 (0.36-2.05) 0.81 (0.29-2.20) 0.27 (0.07-1.12) 0.42 (0.16-1.07)

Unchanged 0.25 (0.08-0.77) 0.13 (0.01-1.18) 0.28 (0.05-1.76) 0.34 (0.08-1.49)

Less time 0.78 (0.04-13.93)
Change in alcohol habits

Yes more 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

Unchanged 0.66 (0.30-1.44) 0.28 (0.09-0.86) 0.72 (0.18-2.81) 0.18a (0.03-0.98) 0.76 (0.24-2.40)

Less alcohol 0.77 (0.34-1.76) 0.53 (0.17-1.67) 1.45 (0.36-5.72) 0.24 (0.04-1.48) 0.62 (0.18-2.09)

Does not drink 1.31 (0.51-3.34) 1.22 (0.33-4.37) 1.32 (0.25-6.95) 2.07 (0.34-12.69) 3.95a (1.02-15.33)

aSignificant correlations observed.

b—: not determined.