Table 4.
Multivariable logistic regressions model with increased gambling as the outcome of interest (yes vs no).
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Increased gambling, odds ratio (95% CI) | Increased gambling on horses, odds ratio (95% CI) | Increased gambling on casino, odds ratio (95% CI) | Increased gambling on poker, odds ratio, (95% CI) | Increased gambling on sports, odds ratio (95% CI) | ||||||
| Gender | |||||||||||
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Female | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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Male | 1.46 (0.86-2.48) | 0.84 (0.39-1.81) | 2.58a (1.09-6.09) | 1.51 (0.50-4.59) | 2.73a (1.06-7.07) | |||||
| Age groups (years) | |||||||||||
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16-24 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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≥25 | 1.09 (0.48-2.50) | 2.09 (0.35-12.52) | 0.43 (0.14-1.34) | 0.91 (0.18-4.54) | 0.67 (0.24-1.88) | |||||
| Level of education | |||||||||||
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Primary school | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | —b | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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Secondary school | 0.73 (0.27-1.99) | 0.80 (0.19-3.47) | 1.62 (0.26-9.93) | — | 2.39 (0.46-12.54) | |||||
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University | 1.18 (0.44-3.19) | 0.85 (0.20-3.69) | 1.69 (0.27-10.43) | — | 2.82 (0.52-15.23) | |||||
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Other | 1.31 (0.27-6.36) | 0.72 (0.05-9.64) | 2.62 (0.15-45.97) | — | 5.83 (0.38-89.42) | |||||
| Employment status | |||||||||||
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Studying | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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Employed | 0.61 (0.22-1.69) | 0.38 (0.07-2.03) | 0.41 (0.09-1.96) | 0.49 (0.05-5.00) | 0.50 (0.13-1.92) | |||||
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Unemployed | 1.79 (0.62-5.19) | 1.59 (0.28-9.11) | 2.84 (0.63-12.85) | 0.89 (0.10-8.18) | 0.86 (0.20-3.62) | |||||
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Retired | 0.64 (0.21-1.98) | 0.73 (0.12-4.53) | 0.51 (0.04-5.82) | — | 0.79 (0.17-3.81) | |||||
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Other | 2.11 (0.37-12.06) | 7.64 (0.70-83.40) | — | — | — | |||||
| Disposable income | |||||||||||
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≥SEK 40,000 (US $4657.62) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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SEK 20,000-40,000 (US $2328.81-$4657.62) | 0.90 (0.42-1.95) | 0.51 (0.19-1.36) | 0.59 (0.15-2.33) | 1.23 (0.27-5.58) | 0.90 (0.28-2.89) | |||||
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≤SEK 10,000-20,000 (US $1164.40-2328.81) | 0.73 (0.26-2.04) | 0.30 (0.08-1.21) | 0.41 (0.06-2.65) | 0.44 (0.04-5.01) | 0.84 (0.17-4.09) | |||||
| Problem Gambling Severity Index | |||||||||||
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No problem with gambling | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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Certain risk of gambling problems | 4.40 (2.17-8.93) | 4.01a (1.26-12.81) | 4.54a (1.13-18.30) | 7.49a (1.52-36.78) | 6.14a (2.00-18.92) | |||||
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Increased risk of gambling problems | 12.5a (6.54-24.04) | 10.93a (3.88-30.82) | 6.02a (1.68-21.56) | 3.84 (0.80-18.51) | 10.91a (3.71-32.07) | |||||
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Gambling problems | 32.4a (13.77-76.35) | 12.64a (3.93-40.68) | 26.17a (7.09-96.62) | 10.53a (2.24-49.43) | 38.81a (11.65-129.28) | |||||
| Kessler score | |||||||||||
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Score 0-4; no psychological distress | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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Score 5-24; psychological distress | 2.62a (1.39-4.91) | 2.06 (0.84-5.07) | 4.47a (1.15-17.30) | 2.80 (0.69-11.74) | 1.09 (0.46-2.57) | |||||
| Gambling pause | |||||||||||
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Yes | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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No | 1.14 (0.43-3.02) | 0.77 (0.22-2.72) | 1.66 (0.47-5.94) | 0.92 (0.18-4.82) | 2.48 (0.69-8.94) | |||||
| Time at home | |||||||||||
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Much more | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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Slightly more | 0.56 (0.30-1.04) | 0.86 (0.36-2.05) | 0.81 (0.29-2.20) | 0.27 (0.07-1.12) | 0.42 (0.16-1.07) | |||||
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Unchanged | 0.25 (0.08-0.77) | 0.13 (0.01-1.18) | 0.28 (0.05-1.76) | — | 0.34 (0.08-1.49) | |||||
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Less time | 0.78 (0.04-13.93) | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Change in alcohol habits | |||||||||||
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Yes more | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||||
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Unchanged | 0.66 (0.30-1.44) | 0.28 (0.09-0.86) | 0.72 (0.18-2.81) | 0.18a (0.03-0.98) | 0.76 (0.24-2.40) | |||||
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Less alcohol | 0.77 (0.34-1.76) | 0.53 (0.17-1.67) | 1.45 (0.36-5.72) | 0.24 (0.04-1.48) | 0.62 (0.18-2.09) | |||||
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Does not drink | 1.31 (0.51-3.34) | 1.22 (0.33-4.37) | 1.32 (0.25-6.95) | 2.07 (0.34-12.69) | 3.95a (1.02-15.33) | |||||
aSignificant correlations observed.
b—: not determined.