Table 3:
Phenotypic Characteristics of the Study PWS Participants According to Growth Hormone Treatment Status
| Growth Hormone Treatment | No Growth Hormone Treatment | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | N=289 (M=137,F=152) |
Mean (SD) or % frequency | N= 66 (M=23,F=43) |
Mean (SD) or % frequency | |
| GROWTH PARAMETERS: | |||||
| Height percentile for age and gender | 238/289 | 47 (33) | 36/66 | 17 (31) | 0.005 |
| Weight percentile for age and gender | 277/289 | 70 (32) | 60/66 | 74 (33) | 0.432 |
| Head circumference (HC) percentile for age and gender | 260/289 | 58 (32) | 55/66 | 52 (29) | 0.005 |
| BMI percentile for age and gender | 276/289 | 83 (37) | 57/66 | 85 (44) | 0.789 |
| HEAD: | |||||
| Prominent occiput | 37 | 13% | 16 | 24% | 0.004 |
| Flat occiput | 63 | 22% | 17 | 26% | 0.976 |
| Round face | 72 | 25% | 27 | 41% | 0.001 |
| Bitemporal narrowing | 192 | 66% | 28 | 42% | 0.906 |
| Craniosynostosis | 2 | 0.6% | 1 | 2% | 0.158 |
| HAIR: | |||||
| Low anterior hair line | 48 | 17% | 17 | 26% | 0.142 |
| Hypopigmented | 99 | 34% | 13 | 20% | 0.057 |
| EYES: | |||||
| Esotropia | 122 | 42% | 15 | 23% | 0.012 |
| Exotropia | 18 | 6% | 5 | 8% | 0.553 |
| Strabismus | 135 | 47% | 24 | 36% | 0.357 |
| Upslanting palpebral fissures | 59 | 20 % | 13 | 20% | 0.793 |
| Downslanting palpebral fissures | 25 | 9% | 5 | 8% | 0.955 |
| Almond-shaped | 156 | 54% | 43 | 65% | 0.005 |
| Inter-canthal distance percentile for age and gender | 99 | 54 (32) | 24 | 46 (25) | 0.246 |
| Inter-pupillary distance percentile for age and gender | 98 | 56 (36) | 22 | 37 (32) | 0.031 |
| Outer-canthal distance percentile for age and gender | 99 | 54 (38) | 24 | 41 (34) | 0.116 |
| Palpebral fissure percentile for age and gender | 97 | 58 (37) | 24 | 45 (38) | 0.145 |
| NOSE: | |||||
| Narrow | 79 | 27% | 25 | 38% | 0.020 |
| MOUTH: | |||||
| Philtrum flat | 112 | 39% | 27 | 41% | 0.317 |
| Upper lip downturned | 65 | 23% | 21 | 32% | 0.683 |
| Normal dentition | 172 | 60% | 41 | 62% | 0.265 |
| Dental caries | 52 | 18% | 10 | 15% | 0.294 |
| EARS: | |||||
| Posterior angulated | 23 | 8% | 6 | 9% | 0.583 |
| Ear length percentile for age and gender | 97 | 53 (31) | 24 | 48 (25) | 0.462 |
| CHEST: | |||||
| Pectus excavatum | 52 | 18% | 0 | 0 | 0.003 |
| Pectus carinatum | 6 | 2% | 3 | 6% | 0.187 |
| ABDOMEN: | |||||
| Abdominal pale striae | 54 | 19 % | 17 | 26% | 0.030 |
| EXTREMITIES: | |||||
| Hand length percentile for age and gender | 165 | 38 (33) | 55 | 34 (27) | 0.049 |
| Foot length percentile for age and gender | 167 | 23 (25) | 53 | 25 (26) | 0.649 |
| Nail abnormalities | 52 | 18% | 10 | 15% | 0.274 |
| Mid-thigh circumference percentile | 115 | 42 (14) | 43 | 35 (8) | 0.003 |
| Large thighs | 137 | 47% | 31 | 46% | 0.509 |
| SPINE: | |||||
| Scoliosis | 152 | 53% | 28 | 42% | 0.422 |
| GENITALIA: | |||||
| Bilateral cryptorchidism | 82/137 | 60% | 20/23 | 87% | 0.648 |
| Micropenis (<5th percentile) | 8/137 | 6% | 7/23 | 30% | 0.063 |
| Scrotum rugation poor | 46/137 | 34% | 9/23 | 39% | 0.613 |
| Scrotum hypoplastic | 66/137 | 48% | 9/23 | 39% | 0.390 |
| Labia minora hypoplastic | 79/152 | 52% | 11/43 | 26% | 0.005 |
| Clitoris hypoplastic | 64/152 | 42% | 11/43 | 26% | 0.044 |
| SKIN: | |||||
| Face skin picking | 14 | 5% | 6 | 9% | 0.010 |
These measurements are based on normative data.