Table 1.
List of independent variables collected from various online sources.
| Factors | Description, measure/unit | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||
| Total population | Total number of the population, 2020 data | population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ |
| Life expectancy | Median year of life expectancy at birth, in years | github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data |
| Population density | Number of people by land area, measured in square kilometers, most recent year available | github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data |
| Median age | Median age of the population, in years | github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data |
| Rural population | Proportion of the population living in rural area, % of total population | databank.worldbank.org/source/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |
| Urbanization | Population in urban agglomeration of more than 1 million, % of total population | data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.URB.MCTY.TL.ZS |
| Clinical or diseases | ||
| Cardiovascular diseases | Death rate due to cardiovascular diseases, per 100,000 population | github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data |
| Diabetes | Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79) | data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.DIAB.ZS |
| TB | Incidence rate of TB, per 100,000 people | data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.TBS.INCD |
| BCG | BCG vaccination coverage, in % | databank.worldbank.org/source/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |
| LRI | Lower respiratory infections rate, per 100 000 population | ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool |
| HIV | Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49) | databank.worldbank.org/source/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |
| Malaria | Reported cases of malaria, absolute number | databank.worldbank.org/source/health-nutrition-and-population-statistics |
| BMI | Mean body mass index of 18+ years, in Kg/m2 | https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/mean-bmi-(kg-m-)-(crude-estimate) |
| Raised BP | Raised blood pressure (SBP≥140 OR DBP≥90), age-standardized estimate | https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/raised-blood-pressure-(sbp-=140-or-dbp-=90)-(age-standardized-estimate) |
| Raised cholesterol | Raised total cholesterol (≥ 5.0 mmol/L), age-standardized estimate | https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/raised-total-cholesterol-(-=-5-0-mmol-l)-(age-standardized-estimate) |
| Communicable diseases | Burden of communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (include infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory infections), per 100 000 populations | ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool |
| Cancer | Cancer prevalence, in % | ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-with-cancer?tab=table |
| Epidemiological | ||
| Transmission level | WHO transmission classification (community transmission versus no community transmission | covid19.who.int/table |
| Health system related | ||
| Testing capacity | Total tests for COVID-19 per one million population | population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/ |
| Nurses | Number of nurses and midwives per 1000 population | data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3 |
| Physician | Number of physicians per 1000 population | data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS |
| GHS index | Global health security detection index (Weighted sum of all the GHS data normalized to a scale of 0 to 100, where 100 = best health security condition) | https://www.ghsindex.org/ |
| Socio-economic | ||
| GDP | Gross domestic product per capita | github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data |
| GINI Index | GINI index (income inequality, 100 = high | github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data |
| Doing business | Ease of doing business rank 2019 (1=most business-friendly regulations) | databank.worldbank.org/source/doing-business#selectedDimension_Country |
| Human development index | Human development index | ourworldindata.org/human-development-index |
| Climatic | ||
| Temperature | Temperature in degree Celsius, annual mean | https://tinyurl.com/d3pnyu9m |
| Rainfall | Rainfall in mm, annual mean | tinyurl.com/d3pnyu9m |
| Pollution | ||
| Pollution | PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per mm3) | data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3 |
| UV radiation | Ultraviolet radiation exposure | |
| Traffic | ||
| Air traffic | Air transport, passengers carried per capita | https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR |
| Social media use | ||
| Internet filtering | Government internet filtering in practice (4 = low) | digitalsocietyproject.org/data/ |
BCG, Bacille Calmette et Guérin; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GDP, gross domestic product; GHS, global health security; LRI, lower respiratory tract infections; TB, tuberculosis.