Table 3.
The multiple regression analysis outputs using COVID-19 deaths per one million populations as a dependent variable.
| Covariates | Estimate | Standard Error | t-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | −1254.98 | 2591.06 | −0.484 | 0.6324 |
| COVID-19 community transmission | 3436.51 | 2891.65 | 1.188 | 0.2458 |
| Number of tests per one million population | −109.08 | 1531.39 | −0.071 | 0.9438 |
| Number of populations | 561.4 | 1319.94 | 0.425 | 0.6742 |
| Life expectancy | 2961.46 | 1563.74 | 1.894 | 0.0699* |
| Proportion of rural population | −3309.14 | 2006.25 | −1.649 | 0.1116 |
| Proportion living in urban agglomeration | −673.02 | 1057.79 | −0.636 | 0.5304 |
| Gross domestic product per capita | −1718.18 | 2147.68 | −0.8 | 0.4312 |
| GINI index | 1433.11 | 1239.62 | 1.156 | 0.2586 |
| Doing business rank | 677.27 | 1482.61 | 0.457 | 0.6518 |
| Diabetes prevalence | 2923.41 | 1407.29 | 2.077 | 0.0482 |
| Tuberculosis incidence rate | −1044.7 | 1488.99 | −0.702 | 0.4894 |
| BCG coverage | −333.45 | 1073.33 | −0.311 | 0.7586 |
| Lower respiratory infection rate | 1873.49 | 1034.67 | 1.811 | 0.0822* |
| HIV prevalence | 2782.98 | 1911.04 | 1.456 | 0.1578 |
| Number of nurses | −3821.9 | 1653.49 | −2.311 | 0.0293 |
| Number of physicians | −197.2 | 1763.89 | −0.112 | 0.9119 |
| GHS index | 2871.86 | 1127.17 | 2.548 | 0.0174 |
| Mean BMI | 1050.76 | 1636.1 | 0.642 | 0.5266 |
| Number of malaria cases | −12.97 | 1248.88 | −0.01 | 0.9918 |
| Communicable diseases burden† | 3543.01 | 2161.26 | 1.639 | 0.1137 |
| Cancer prevalence | 1540.17 | 1978.97 | 0.778 | 0.4437 |
| raised BP | −272.75 | 1808.56 | −0.151 | 0.8813 |
| Air traffic | 1193.02 | 1770.7 | 0.674 | 0.5067 |
| Ultraviolet radiation | −2083.54 | 1535.16 | −1.357 | 0.1868 |
| PM2.5 air pollution exposure | 33.07 | 1058.29 | 0.031 | 0.9753 |
| Annual mean temperature | 524.94 | 1103.41 | 0.476 | 0.6384 |
| Annual mean rainfall | −1251.68 | 1398.24 | −0.895 | 0.3792 |
| Internet filtering | −1083.98 | 1196.02 | −0.906 | 0.3734 |
Bold character indicates statistical significance (P < 0.05).
*
Indicates variables with a trend towards statistical significance (0.05 < p <0.10).
†
Communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal, and nutrition conditions. BCG, Bacille Calmette et Guérin; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure, defined as SBP ≥ 140 OR DBP ≥ 90; GHS, global health security.